The eye is composed of the eyeball and the pupil. Eyebrows, lasher and the lid protect the eye.

What organs does the oral cavity include?

The oral cavity contains the teeth which are set in the gums, the tongue, the hard and the soft palate, the tonsils and the throat. The margins of the mouth are the lips. The jaws form the framework of the mouth.

What are the organs of senses?

The organs of senses are the eyes, the ears, the nose and the tongue.

What are the parts of the trunk?

The parts of the trunk are the thoracic cavity, the pelvic cavity, the abdominal cavity, the back, the genitalsand the buttocks.Inside the body there are two large cavities – the anteriorcavity and the posterior cavity. The thorax is in the anterior cavity. The abdomenor belly is located in the posterior cavity. The thorax is in the anterior cavity. The abdomen or belly is located in the posterior cavity. These two cavities are separated by a tense sheet of muscle called the diaphragm.

What organs are there in the thorax or the thoracic cavity?

In the thoracic cavity are the respiratory, the circulatoryand the digestive

What does the system of circulation comprise and what is its

The circulatory system comprises the heart and the blood vessels – the arteries, the arterioles, the capillaries, the venulae and the veins. The heart pumps blood to various parts of the body.

What are the main organs of respiration? What is their function?The main organs of respiration are the nasal cavity, the pharynx, the larynx,the trachea, the bronchi, the lungsand the diaphragm.They breathe with their lungs.

What organs form the digestive system and where are they con- tained? What are the functions of the organs of digestion?

The organs of digestion are contained in the oral cavity, in the thoracic cavity and in the abdominal cavity. Digestion begins in the mouth. From the mouth food passes into the esophagus which is in the thoracic cavity. Food passes into the stomach and the intestinesthrough the esophagus where food is further digested. The liver, the spleenand the gall-bladderalso take part in the process of digestion.

An alimentary canal is divided into the headgut (the oral cavity and the pharynx), the frontal intestine or the esophagus-gastral canal (the esophagus and the stomach), small intestine (the empty and twisted intestine, the duodenum), large intestine (the blind intestine, the segmented intestine and the straight intestine).

What is urogenital system? What are the excretory organs? What functions have they got?

Urogenital system consists of urinarius and genital system. The main excretory organs are the kidneys, the ureters, the urethra and the urinary bladder. The organs of excretion excrete waste products. The female's genital system consists of genital glands called the ovaries; the male's genital system con- sists of testes. The female's deferent tracts are the oviducts, the uterus, the vagina, the urogenital entrance. The male's deferent tracts are the epididymis, the deferent duct and the urogenital canal.

What is the body covered with?

The body is covered with skin and hair. The thickness of the skin is 1–7 mm. The skin is composed of the epidermis, the derma and the subcuta- neous layer. The udder is along the belly located at the pigs. The horses and the cattle have the udder in the inguinal cavity. The hair-covering divided into long (the mane, the tail, the fetlock), integumentary (downy and osteal) and the vibrissae (sensitive). Finger tips have the nails.

What does the nervous system consist of?

The nervous system consists of nerves, the brainand the medulla.

What do the osseous and the muscular system consist of? What functions have bones and muscles got?

The osseous system consists of bones which support the body. Their places of articulation are called the joints. The muscular system consists of muscles which contract and move the limbs. The locomotor-apparatus consists of three systems: osseous, muscular and ligamentous. The cattle have only 20 muscles. The muscles are divided into somatic and vegetative.

What are the main bones which form the skeleton?

Domestic animals have 210 bones. The skeleton consists of the vertebral column, the scull, the sternum and the thoracic and pelvic limbs. The main bones which form the skeleton are the scull the vertebral column which consists of vertebrae, the ribs, the scapular, the clavicles and the sternum which form the thoracic cavity, and the pelvic bones. The femur, the tibia and the fibula are bones that form the lower extremities.

What glands does the animal body contain?

The animal body contains the secretory glands, such as the thyroid, the pancreas, the suprarenal and the salivary glands. The excretory glands are the sweat glands, and the lacrimal glands. Epidermis has sebaceous, sudoriferous and chyle glands.

What extremities are there? What parts are they formed by?

There are thoracic and pelvic extremities. They are formed by the hip, the thigh, the knee, the shank, the shoulder, the hand, the toe, the metacarpus, hoof, foot, tori and urgulae.

What substances does the animal body consist of?

The substanceswhich form the animal body consist of cells, fibers, and tissue.

Substance cell

What does the circulatory organs consist of? What is the vascular system?

The circulatory organs consist of the heart, the arteries, the arterioles, the capillaries, the venulae, and the veins. Together they comprise the so-called vascularsystem. This system is a set of closed tubesbeginning and ending at the heart and having only one or two openings. In the mammal there are two circuations, the greater and the lesser, each of which is provided with a heart, but the two hearts are so closely united anatomically that we generally speak of only one heart, dividing it physiologically into the right and left heart.

The heart is the central organ of this system. It is attached at the base to the large blood vessels. The heart pumps the blood through the vessels by strong contractions of the powerful muscles. The average weight of the heart of the horse is 7,5 pounds, of the ox – 5,5 pounds.

The heart is situated in the chest cavity between the lungs in a chambercalled the pericardium. This is a double bag, one adherent to the heart itself, while the other envelopesthe heart more loosely. Between these two coverings is the pericardial fluidwhich is a form of lymph.

The heart has four cavities – the right and the left auriclesand the right and the left ventricles. The two cavities of one side are separated from those of the other by a septum of fibromuscularcomposition that keeps the pure and impure blood from mixing. The right anterior part of the base of the heart is formed by the right auricle. It has orificesfor the anterior and posterior venae cavaeand in the ventral part the right auriculoventricularorifices which open into the right ventricle. The right ventricle occupies the right anterior of the ventricular mass, but does not reach the apex. It communicates with the pulmonary artery through the pulmonaryorifice. The left auricle forms the posterior part of the base of the heart.

The right and left portionof the heart each consists of an auricle and a ventricle. These are divided from one another by a transverse partitionand communicate with another by valveswhich allow the blood to flow in one direction only, namely from the auricle to the ventricle.

The blood is kept in constant circulation through the vessels by the involuntary, rhythmic contractions of the heart which acts as a double pump. The right and left portions of the heart have no direct communication with each other. They work together but independently.

What is the arterial system?

The arteries are the tubes that carry the blood from the heart to the tissue. Their walls are thick, strong, and contain much yellow, elastic tissue, which renders them extensible. When empty they do not collapse. Most arteries occupy protected positions and are straight in their course to reduce frictionbetween the flowing blood and the walls of the arteries. Arteries communicate freely with one another, thus promoting equality of distribution and pressureand making free circulation possible even after a large vessel becomes obliterated. A single large vessel, the pulmonary artery, originates from the right ventricle and another, the aorta, from the left ventricle. These large arteries divide into smaller vessels and then in turn into yet smaller ones. The term “arterial system” is given to the arteries as a whole.

The pulmonary artery carries dark or venousblood from the right ventricle to the lungs, where it divides into numerous vessels that ramify in the lung tissue.

The aorta gives passage to the red or arterial blood from the left ventricle. This blood supplies all the organs of the body except the lungs. It is a short vessel that soon divides into thoracicand abdominalbranches.

The common brachiocephalicartery is the thoracic division of the aorta. In the horses it is directed and upward to supply the fore limb, neck, and head.

The posterior aorta is the abdominal division of the aorta. It archesbackward and pierces the diaphragm. It supplies branches to the wallsand visceraof the abdominal cavity, the body muscles, the udder, the pelvicorgans, and the hindlimbs.

The capillaries are the minute continuations of the arterioles that connect the latter with the venulae.

The veins conduct the blood back to the heart from the tissues. The capacity of the venous system is two or three times that of the arterial.

The pulmonary veins carry to the left auricle the blood which has passed through the lungs and has become oxygenated.

The anteriorvena cava carries to the right auricle the blood returned from the head and neck by the jugularveins and that from the thoracic limbs.

The posteriorvena cava is the largest vein in the body and conveys to the right auricle nearly all the blood from the liver, spleen, intestines, other abdominal and pelvic organs, and the pelvic limbs.

The lymph vessels are provided with simple valves to prevent a backward flow of the lymph. They all end finally in two main trunks which open into the venous system near the base of the heart.

What does the blood consist of?

The blood consists of a nearly colourless liquid – the blood plasma – in which are floating the red and the white corpusclesblood therefore contains: a) the liquid plasma; b) the corpuscles.

The liquid plasma contains in solution digested food materials obtained from the stomach and intestines.

The floating red corpuscles are far more numerous than the white and have a special purpose.

In its passage from the arteries to the vein within the body, the blood travels through very fine-walledvessels termed capillaries.

Food materials easily soak or diffuse through the capillary walls and the living cells surrounding the capillaries select what they want.

Date: 2016-01-03; view: 1410