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The main aim, principles & methods of derivational analysis.

Derivation/ word-formation – a process of making new words and certain rules that dictate the choice of derivation means. 70% of all new ws in modern Eng are made with the help of w-form-n.

Derivational analysis aims at finding out the derivative types of ws, the interrels b-n them & at finding out how diff types of derivatives are constructed. Der analysis enables one to understand how new ws appear in the lang.

The derivational level of analysis studie the derivative & the derivative rels. Derivative – a secondary lang. unit that is formally and semantically dependent on the source-word, 1 der-l step away from the source-word. Der-l relations – rel-s b-n the source-word and the derivative, can be not very transparent, even idiomatic # to undo, a snowdrop

Using der anal we can determine the degree of derivation. The degree shows us the number of der steps. Unthinkable = ⌐ + Ba II step

Bv + ^ I step

Der Mng-mng which establishes semantic correlation between a simple w and a derived one. (suff; conversion) (eatable)

1)Derivation pattern is a model showing the regular meaningful arrangement of parts of the word (immediate constituents)

# Bv + suff > N

own + er > owner

2)Derivational base - the word constituent to which a rule of word-formation is applied.

Ex-filmstar: Bn + pref > N

3)Derivation affixes are IC’s, added to the der-l base. Affixes have lexical and part-of speech meanings.

Co-pilot – combined action, overgrown -too much; overdone - lexical mng.

-less part-of speech mng

-ful

Derived words are described by the last step of derivation

# disagreement

pref + N > N

V + suff > N

Der-l structure

Morph analysis sometimes isn’t enough – conversion: cut – morph-ly a simple w, but it’s derived from the verb to cut.

The analysis of the morphemic composition of words defines the ultimate meaningful constituents (UCs), their typical sequence and arrangement, but it does not reveal the hierarchy of morphemes making up the word, neither does it reveal the way a word is constructed, nor how a new word of similar structure should be understood. e.g. words unmanlyand discouragementmorphemically are referred to the same type as both are segmented into three UCs representing one root, one prefixational and one suffixational morpheme. However the arrangement and the nature of ICs and hence the relationship of morphemes in these words is different — in unmanlythe prefixational morpheme makes one of the ICs, the other IC is represented by a sequence of the root and the suffixational morpheme and thus the meaning of the word is derived from the relations between the ICs un-and manly-(‘not manly’), whereas discouragementrests on the relations of the IC discourage-made up by the combination of the. prefixational and the root-morphemes and the suffixational morpheme -mentfor its second IC (’smth that discourages’). Hence we may infer that these three-morpheme words should be referred to different derivational types: unmanlyto a prefixational and discouragementto a suffixational derivative.



The nature, type and arrangement of the ICs of the word is known as its derivative structure. Though the derivative structure of the word is closely connected with its morphemic or morphological structure and often coincides with it, it differs from it in principle.

Derivative rel-s

According to the derivative structure all words fall into two big classes: simplexes or simple, non-derived words and complexes or derivatives. Simplexes are words which derivationally cannot be segmented into ICs.

Derivatives are words which depend on some other simpler lexical items that motivate them structurally and semantically, i.e. the meaning and the structure of the derivative is understood through the comparison with the meaning and the structure of the source word. Hence derivatives are secondary, motivated units, made up as a rule of two ICs, i.e. binary units, e.g. words like friendliness, unwifely, school-masterish,etc. are made up of the ICs friendly + -ness, un- + wifely, schoolmaster+-ish.The ICs are brought together according to specific rules of order and arrangement preconditioned by the system of the language. It follows that all derivatives are marked by the fixed order of their ICs.

The basic elementary units of the derivative structure of words are: derivational bases, derivational affixes and derivational patterns which differ from the units of the morphemic structure of words (different types of morphemes). The relations between words with a common root but of different derivative structure are known as derivative relations. The derivative and derivative relations make the subject of study at the derivational level of analysis; it aims at establishing correlations between different types of words, the structural and semantic patterns words are built on, the study also enables one to understand how new words appear in the language.

Types:

According to their derivational structure words fall into two large classes: simple, non-derived words or simplexes and derivatives or complexes. Complexes are classified according to the type of the underlying derivational pattern into: derived and compound words. Derived words fall into affixational words, which in their turn must be classified into suffixal and prefixal derivatives, and conversions. Each derivational type of words is unequally represented in different parts of speech.

Comparing the role each of these structural type of words plays in the language we can easily perceive that the clue to the correct understanding of their comparative value lies in a careful consideration of 1) the importance of each type in the existing word-stock and 2) their frequency value in actual speech. Of the two factors frequency is by far the most important. According to the available word counts in different parts of speech, we find that derived words numerically constitute the largest class of words in the existing word-stock. But if we now consider the frequency value of these types of words in actual speech, we cannot fail to see that simple words occupy a predominant place in English. Thus it is the simple, non-derived words that constitute the backbone of the vocabulary and that are of great importance in speech. It should also be mentioned that non-derived words are characterised by a high degree of collocability and a complex variety of meanings in contrast with words of other structural types whose semantic structures are much poorer. Simple words also serve as basic parent forms motivating all types of derived and compound words. At the same time it should be pointed out that new words that appear in the vocabulary are mostly words of derived and compound structure.

 

8. The main units of derivational analysis:

Derivation/ word-formation – a process of making new words and certain rules that dictate the choice of derivation means. 70% of the modern Eng word-stock is derived words. Derivative – a secondary lang. unit that is formally and semantically dependent on the source-word, 1 der-l step away from the source-word. Der-l relations – rel-s b-n the source-word and the derivative, can be not very transparent, even idiomatic # to undo, a snowdrop

1)Derivation pattern is a model showing the regular meaningful arrangement of parts of the word (immediate constituents)

# Bv + suff > N

own + er > owner

2)Derivational base - the word constituent to which a rule of word-formation is applied.

Ex-filmstar: Bn + pref > N

Str-ly 3 types of D Base:

1) coinciding with morph-l stems (a word without an ending) of different degrees of complexity (simple, derived, compound).

# day-dreamer, unbutton

2) coinciding with word-forms: participle 1, part 2 : #unknown (known part 2), newly-wed - wed (p2) bone-chilling (p1)

3) coinciding with word groups

Second-ratedness

3)Derivation affixes are IC’s, added to the der-l base. Affixes have lexical and part-of speech meanings.

Co-pilot – combined action, overgrown -too much; overdone - lexical mng.

-less part-of speech mng

-ful

Affixes are highly selective. Affixes and bases “choose” each other. They are sensible to the structure, to the semantics, to the etymology of the base. The mng of the base is important to the mng of the pattern.

N + ful > N : part of body+ full of smth

Hand +ful > handful

N+ful >Adj abstract noun+ ful (pitiful)

Derived words are described by the last step of derivation

# disagreement

pref + N > N

V + suff > N

The models show the degree of derivation/ the number of der-l steps.


Date: 2016-01-03; view: 3650


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