To mind if (polite question)

We use the verb to mind ifwhen we ask someone politely if we can do something.

eg. Would you mind ifI opened the window ?

Do you mind ifI smoke ?

Q. Ask me a polite question using to mind + if.

A.Do you mind if I open the window?

To mind doing (polite question)

We use to mind + gerundto ask someone to do something in a polite way.

eg. Would you mind openingthe window? (Could you open the window, please ?)

Would you mind smokingoutside?

Q. Ask me a polite question using to mind + gerund.

A.Would you mind helping me with my homework?

expr. I don’t mind.expr. I don’t care.

eg. What would you like to do tomorrow ?

I don’t mind.polite (I am happy to let you choose.)

I don’t care.impolite (I’m not interested in doing anything.)

n. psychologyn. psychologistadj. Psychological

Psychologyis the study of the mind.

A psychologiststudies the mind.

Q. What do we call someone who studies the human mind ?

A.We call someone who studies the human mind a psychologist.

Q. Tell me the name of a famous psychologist.

A.Sigmund Freud is a famous psychologist.

Q. What kind of psychological problems do people suffer from ?

A.People suffer from paranoia and depression.

Unit 10

n. conscience

Your conscienceis the part of your mind that tells you if what you are doing is right or wrong.

If someone has a guilty conscience, they feel guilty about something they have done.

Q. Have you got a guilty conscience at the moment ?

A.No, I haven't got a guilty conscience at the moment.

Q. If you stole something, would you suffer from a guilty conscience ?

A.Yes, if I stole something, I would suffer from a guilty conscience.

Q. What kind of things give you a guilty conscience ?

A.Breaking other people's things can give you a guilty conscience.

Reported speech (2)

We have already studied reported speech. However, it is worth looking again at the rules for how to change direct speech into reported speech.

Remember: ♦we use saidor toldas reporting verbs.

♦we do not use speech marks(“ ”)

♦we often change the tenseof the sentence

♦pronouns(I, she etc.) often have to change

♦expressions of timeoften have to change

eg. “No one has spoken to me today.” she said.

She told me that no one had spoken to her that day.

Exercise

To practise reported speech again, change these sentences from direct to reported speech.

1. “I am very angry.” he said.

He said that he was very angry.

2. “I will be here tomorrow.” the girl told her mother.

The girl told her mother that she would be there the next day.

3. “She has eaten all the food again!” he said.

He said that she had eaten all the food again.

Reported questions

When we are reporting questionswe have to make other changes.

To ask

we use this verb instead of to sayor tell

Word order

Some questions begin with verbs (eg. are you ..., have they ...).

When we report questions, the subject goes before the verb, as in a normal sentence.

eg. “Where are the keys?” she asked.

She asked me where the keys were. (not: where were the keys.)

“Where would you like to sit?” he asked.

He asked me where I would like to sit.

Unit 10

3. do/did

We do not use door did

eg. “Where do you live?”

He asked me where I lived.

If

When there is no question word (such as when, how, what, where, etc.), we use if.

eg. “Is the photocopier working ?” he asked.

He asked ifthe photocopier was working.

“Do you like tomato soup?” he asked.

He asked me ifI liked tomato soup.

exercise

Report these questions.

1. “What are you doing?” asked Roger.

Roger askedme what I was doing.

2. “Is John in?” the man asked.

The man asked if John was in.

3. “Do you want to dance?” she asked.

She asked me if I wanted to dance.

4. “Are you going to San Francisco?” he asked.

He asked me if I was going to San Francisco.

5. “What is the time?” she asked them.

She asked them what the time was.

6. “Have you read the newspaper?” his mother asked him.

His mother asked him if he had ever read the newspaper.

Q. (to student A) Ask him/her a question with the word what.

A.What is your name?

Q. (to student B) What did he/she ask you ?

A.He asked me what my name was.

Q. (to student A) Ask him/her a question with the word where.

A.Where is you bag?

Q. (to student B) What did he/she ask you ?

A.He asked me where my bag was.

Q. (to student A) Ask him/her a question with Do you...

A.Do you like French films?

Q. (to student B) What did he/she ask you ?

A.He asked me if I liked French films.

Q. (to student A) Ask him/her a question with Are you ...

A.Are you going back to your country soon?

Q. (to student B) What did he/she ask you ?

A.He asked me if I was going back to my country soon.

n. fear(of something) adj. terrifiedadj. terrifying

Fearis the noun of afraid

If you are terrifiedof something, you are really frightened of it.

Q. What is your greatest fear ?

A.My greatest fear is the dark.

Q. What kind of animals are people often terrified of ?

A.People are often terrified of spiders and snakes.

Q. Have you ever had a terrifying experience ?

A.No, I've never had a terrifying experience.

Unit 10

n. terrorn. terroristn. terrorism

Terrormeans great fear.

A terroristis a person who uses violence and terror, especially for political reasons.

Q. Have you ever felt real terror ?

A.No, I've never felt real terror.

Q. Are there any terrorist organisations in your country ?

A.Yes, there are some terrorist organisations in my country.

Q. What are they fighting for ?

A.They are fighting for their freedom.

Q. Do you know the names of any foreign terrorist organisations ?

A.Yes, ETA and the Tamil Tigers are the names of some foreign terrorist organisations.

Q. What would be a mature way to deal with criticism of your work ?

A.A mature way to deal with criticism of my work would be to listen to the criticism and then try to do better.

Q. And an immature way ?

A.An immature way would be to ignore the criticism.

Q. Do you think that the people from the countryside are more superstitious than the people from the city ?

A.Yes, I think that the people from the countryside are more superstitious than the people from the city.

Q. How would you feel if the person you were going to marry changed their mind ?

A.If the person I was going to marry changed their mind, I would feel really sad and disappointed.

v. to explodephr v. to blow upn. explosion

To explode is intransitive.

eg. The bomb explodedat 9 o’clock.

To blow up is transitive.

eg. The bomb blew upthe building it was hidden in.

Q. What do terrorists use to get what they want ?

A.Terrorists use bombs to get what they want.

Q. Why do old buildings get blown up in a city ?

A. Old buildings get blown up in a city because they are unsafe.

Q. What is the difference between to blow up and to explode ?

A.The difference between to blow up and to explode is that blow up is a transitive verb and explode is an intransitive verb.

v. to screamv. to shake

shook

shaken

Q. When do people scream ?

A.People scream when they are really frightened.

Q. Have you ever woken up screaming from a nightmare ?

A.Yes, I have woken up screaming from a nightmare.

Q. When do people’s hands shake ?

A.People’s hands shake when they are frightened or nervous.

Q. When does a dog shake itself ?

A.A dog shakes itself when it's wet.

Q. When does the ground shake ?

A.The ground shakes when there's an earthquake.

v. to shake your headv. to shake hands

Q. What does it mean when someone shakes their head ?

A.It means 'no' when someone shakes their head.

Q. Is it normal to shake hands when you meet someone new in your country ?

A.Yes, it's normal to shake hands when you meet someone new in my country.

Q. When doing a business deal, is it better to shake hands or sign a contract ?

A.When doing a business deal, I think it's better to sign a contract.

Unit 10

n. peaceadj. peaceful

Q. What is the opposite of war ?

A.The opposite of war is peace.

Q. What organisation tries to find peaceful answers to international problems ?

A.The United Nations tries to find peaceful answers to international problems.

Q. Do you know a place that is really peaceful ?

A.Yes, a quiet park is really peaceful.

Q. Do you think there will ever be a time when the whole world will be at peace ?

A.No, I don't think there will ever be a time when the whole world will be at peace.

Q. In which cities have terrorists exploded bombs ?

A.Terrorists have exploded bombs in London.

Q. Have you ever screamed during a film at the cinema ?

A.No, I've never screamed during a film at the cinema.

Q. Do you shake your head to say “no” in your country ?

A.Yes, we shake our head to say “no” in my country.

Q. Which is more difficult, to go to war or to make peace ?

A.To make peace is more difficult than to go to war.

Irregular Verbs

infinitive simple past past participle

beat beat beaten

blow (up) blew (up) blown up

break broke broken

burn burnt burnt

fall fell fallen

forgive forgave forgiven

lead led led

rise rose risen

send sent sent

set set set

shake shook shaken

shoot shot shot

sink sank sunk

slide slid slid

spoil spoilt spoilt

strike struck struck

Phrasal Verbs and Verb Expressions

be left overIf something is left over, it is not used.

be used toIf you are used tosomething, you do it often so it is normal or easy for you.

beat upTo beatsomeone upmeans to hit and punch them a lot.

blow upTo blow upmeans to damage or destroy something with an explosion.

break intoIf a burglar breaks intoyour house, he forces his way in.

bring upIf you bring upa child, you look after them until they are grown up

cope withIf you cope witha situation, you deal with it well.

deal withIf you deal witha situation, you give it your attention.

drop(someone) offIf you dropsomeone off, you take them to a place and leave them there.

fall out(with) If you fall outwith a friend, you don’t like each other any more.

feel left outYou feel left outif people are doing something that doesn’t include you.

get overWhen you start to feel better after some bad news or an illness, you are

getting overit.

get used toIf you get used tosomething, it starts off being difficult but becomes easier.

go offWhen an alarm starts ringing, it goes off.

go overTo go overmeans to look at or study something again.

keep up withIf you go at the same speed as another thing, you keep up withit.

lead toIf something causes another thing to happen, it leads tothat thing.

leave aloneWhen someone wants to be on their own, you leavethem alone.

leave behindIf you leavesomeone behind, you don’t take them with you.

leave outIf you leavesomeone out, you don’t include them.

look forward toIf you know there is something in the future that you really want to do,

you look forward toit.

make (something) upIf you invent a story or an excuse, you make it up.

make senseIf something makes sense, we understand it or belive it is right.

make up(with) If you become friends with someone again, after falling out, you

make up withthem.

pick(something) upIf you picksomething up, you take it from the floor.

pick(someone) upIf you picksomeone up, you collect them and take them somewhere.

run awayPeople run awayfrom things they are frightened of.

run overIf you hit someone in a car, you runthem over.

tell(someone) offIf you criticise someone in an angry way, you tellthem off.

Articles

We use the indefinite article(a/an) in the following situations.

1. When we are talking about someone or something for the first time or when we are

not talking about a particular thing.*

eg. I went to agood restaurant last night.

It was adifficult examination.

My father has bought anew car.

I want to buy apair of trousers.

2. When we say what someone’s job is.

eg. He is adoctor and his wife is apolicewoman.

3. In definitions.

eg. Apotato is avegetable that grows underground.

Atiger is arare animal.

4. When we are talking about a single thing but we are not counting.

eg. I would like acup of coffee, please. NOT I would like one cup of coffee please.

Do you know agood restaurant near here ?

I passed my driving test aweek ago.

He spent anhour doing his homework.

We use the definite article(the) in the following situations.

1. When we have already identified the noun we are talking about.*

eg. My parents have adog and acat. Thedog is called Fido and thecat is

called Tom.

2. When it is clear from the situation which thing or person we mean.

Often because there is only one possibility.

eg. I am going shopping in thecity centre.

Can you turn off thelight ?

I’ve put themilk in thefridge.

Man first landed on themoon in 1969.

3. With buildings, shops and services which we visit regularly, such as supermarkets,

banks, pubs, and medical services.

compare: My sister works in abank.

I’ve run out of money so I need to go to thebank.

eg. I am going to thesupermarket.

My daughter doesn’t feel well so she is going to see thedoctor.

I think thelibrary is closed on Saturdays.

I often go to thecinema, but I never go to theopera.

*see Avalon Book 2, appendix 3

We don’t usually use articles in the following situations.

1. When we talk about things generally we often use plural nouns without an article.

This is very common in English.

Compare : Dogsare usually bigger than cats.

My parents have adog and acat.

My brother is frightened of spiders.

There is aspider in the bath.

eg. Airportsare very busy places.

Young peopleare more likely to take drugsthan old people.

2. When we are talking about something as a general idea, we don’t use articles.

eg. Criminals are sent to prison.

When I leave schoolI want to go to university.

Educationis an important part of growing up.

Artoften deals with subjects such as sex, love, jealousyand death.

3. With proper nouns such as continents, countries, cities, regions, mountains,

islands or people’s names.

eg. I am going to Lake Garda in Italy.

Mount Rushmore is in America.

However, we do use the definite article with groups of mountains or islands and

countries with extra words in their name.

eg. theHimalayas, theBahamas, thePeople’s Republic of China,

theUnited Kingdom

We aslo use the definite article with the names of seas, oceans and rivers.

eg. theAtlantic (Ocean), theMediterranean (Sea), the(River) Nile

4. We don’t usually use articles with the days of the week, months, seasons or years.

eg. Monday, February, Spring, 1997

However, when talking about decades or centuries, we use the definite article.

eg. theNineties, the20th Century

Modal Verbs Expressing Certainty

Modal verbs to express certainty in the present - mustand can.

We use mustand canto say we are certain about something because we have evidence.

i. We use mustto say that something is true.

eg. Peter has been off work for a whole week. He mustbe quite ill.

(I am certain he is quite ill.)

ii. We use cannotor can’tto say that something isn’t true.

eg. Peter can’tbe ill because I saw him playing football this morning.

(I am certain he is not ill.)

Modal verbs to express certainty in the past - mustand can’t.

We can use mustand can’tto express certainty about the past.

construction: must + have + past participle

can’t + have + past participle

eg. I haven’t got my wallet. I must have leftit at home.

You can’t have leftyour wallet at home because you had it in the restaurant.

Modal verbs to express possibility in the past - might.

Might + have + past participleexpresses possibility instead of certainty.

eg. He is very late. He must have gotlost. = I am certain.

He is very late. His car might have broken down.

(I am not certain but it is a possibility.)

Modal verbs to express obligation in the past - should.

When someone did something badly or in the wrong way in the past, we use

construction should + have + past participleto tell them a better or correct way to do it.

eg. I didn’t understand how to do that exercise.

You should have askedyour teacher.

I hurt my back lifting that wardrobe.

You shouldn’t have triedto move it on your own.

Embedded Questions

Questions after ‘Do you know … ?’

When we ask a question that begins ‘Do you know what/where/how many etc. … ?’, the

rest of the sentence follows the rules for reported questions:

eg. Q. Do you know wherethe library is ?

NOT: Do you know where is the library ?

A. Yes, I know wherethe library is.

No, I don’t know wherethe library is.

There are other verbs that follow these rules:

Understand

eg. Q. Do you understandwhy we are studying this grammar ?

A. Yes, I understandwhy we are studying grammar.

Find out

eg. Q. How can you find outwhat someone’s phone number is ?

Hear

eg. Q. Did you hearwhat he just said ?

A. Yes, I heardwhat he just said.

See

eg. Q. Can you seewhat is in her bag ?

A. No, I can’t seewhat is in her bag.

Explain

eg. Q. Can you explainwhat the difference between the past simple and the present

perfect is ?

A. Yes, I can explainwhat the difference between the past simple and the present

perfect is.

© Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999

Exercises, Unit 1

Unit 1

Date: 2016-01-03; view: 950