Globalizations of innivations

Globalization of science and technology

Actors involved in global technical and scientific collaborations can be both private and public institutions, including (national and multinational) firms, universities and research institutions.

MNEs play a dominant role in the innovative activities of their home countries and control or own a large part of the world’s stock of advanced technologies, e.g Siemens, Bayer and Hoechst.

Multinational enterprises/companies (MNC) are the only institution which by definition can carry out and control the global generation of innovation within its boundaries. Entering new markets, global firms collaborate with local partners to obtain market knowledge and to adapt their offerings to enhance their chances for commercial success.

Globally distributed R&D and production, as well as a recently intensified focus on customers in emerging markets are creating new channels for science and technology flows.

Spillovers is a result of exchange knowledge between firms individuals and even third parties. Spillovers dont create or innovete but have an effect on knowledge flow. Such spillovers like patent activity, labour migration, colabboration between R&D and universities, quantaty of scientific publications has also an influence on globalization of science and technology.

Skilled workers with explicit as well as tacit knowledge act as individual agents assisting in the production and transfer of knowledge between countries.

Key indicators of cross-border activities are international trade flows, cross border patenting, FDI*, which are responsible for growing levels of global transfer of science and utilization of technology.

Trade, because all commodities and services embody some knowledge, this is greater in sectors with the highest technological content. Hence an increase in the share of world trade represented by R&D intensive sectors can roughly signal that this pattern of globalization of innovation is increasing.

*FDI-foreign direct investments.

By country of origin, the internationalization of innovative activities reflects different national propensities to organize R&D across borders.

Globalizations of innivations

Categories	Actors	Forms
International Exploitation of Nationally Produced Innovations	Profit-seeking (national and multinational) firms and individuals	Exports of innovative goods. Cession of licenses and patents. Foreign production of innovative goods internally designed and developed.
Global Generation of Innovations	MNEs	R&D and innovative activities both in the home and the host countries. Acquisitions of existing R&D laboratories or green-field R&D investment in host countries.
Global Techno-Scientific Collaborations	Universities and Public Research Centres	Joint scientific projects. Scientific exchanges, sabbatical years. International flows of students.
National and Multinational Firms	Joint-ventures for specific innovative projects. Productive agreements with exchange of technical information and/or equipment.

Date: 2015-12-24; view: 894