Ei and eu – ie (bay), uo (boat) – strengthening of the glide and the weakening of the nucleus, rhotation takes place because of it.

au may be u: (about) – monophthongization, stabilization, weakening of the nucleus, backing the resonator

GA

There are only 5 diphthongs left in GA - ei, ai, oi, au, ou. It happened because of rhotocizm – the further weakening of the glide

Scottish

ie - ir (beer)

e: - ir (bird)

ue – ur (moor)

The reason is that Scottish English is rhotic. The disappearance of these phonemes happened because of monophthongization – the further weakening of the glide, articulatory stabilization, and reduced vocalization.

au – u: (about) - disappearance of a, narrowing the resonator

18. THE CONNECTION BETWEEN PITCH AND INTONATION IN VARIOUS APPROACHES
Intonation may be treated theoretically as a notion consisting of 1 central item (western scholars) or several intrinsically interrelated units.
American - Intonation is pitch - differences between pitches are used to make differences in meanings. The use of pitch to distinguish as utterance without interfering with the shape of components of words called Intonation. Pitch - Low High Mid . The differences in pitches (fall to rise, rise to fall) depend on the rate of vonrations and stem from a variety.
British - tone. Intonation is a contour which is represented by a tone group, consisting of 4 basic elements. Tone - low/high rise , low/high fall. The tone distinguishes the meaning.
Russian - intonation is many things + speech melody, a contour represented by tones. Tone -
change of pitch.
Speech melody is a contour consisting of different tones, a tone is either no change of pitch (level tone) or a change of pitch (high fall). Pitch in its turn is based on the rate of vibrations.
Tone
Logical Meaning
Emotional expression
Fall - low fall
'I \ won't do it' Finality
Categoric statement Sadness, indifference, dissatisfaction
Rise
'I / won't do it' Lack of finality Hesitation, surprise, doubt, sympathy, warmth
Fall-rise
'Where've you been?' Implication Hint, contempt, suspicious
Rise-fall
'Who was he?' Contrast opposition Objection, great interest

Peculiarities of Consonant Distribution in Scottish English

A standardized form of this language, known as Scots, was used at the court and in literature until the reformation. Then it was gradually replaced by English.

1. Scottish English consistently preserves a distinction between w and hw (witch - which) – the tendency of usage the facultative phoneme. Hw is fortis and w is lenis. The reason – greater muscular tension and greater force of exhalation.

2. Initial p, t, k are usually non aspirated – lack of postponed vibration of the vocal cords

3. r is flap-like – it has more noise than in RP, there is more muscular tension.

4. l is dark in all positions – underdifferentiation of tongue position, corresponding auditory effect; muscular tension is concentrated in the back part of the tongue.

5. the velar fricative х is occurs in a number of words: loch – the obstruction is stronger, muscular tension is more concentrated in the point of obstruction, there is more noise.

R (constrictive) is pronounced as ʃr (apical alveolar). ʃ is near alveolar edge and almost the same part of the tongue is working. – auditory and articulatory similarity; the economy of articulatory effort, for Scottish it is simplification

Date: 2015-12-24; view: 1094