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Radioactive contamination

Among factors of the nuclear explosion radioactive contamination takes a special place. Radioactive contamination from nuclear explosions is caused not only to the areas adjacent to the site of the explosion, but to the terrain, remote from it in many tens of kilometers.

Evaluation of radiation under the use of a nuclear weapon is an indispensable element of the activities of commanders and staffs in the organization of the fighting and protecting of troops from nuclear weapons.

Features of contaminated zones

At detection of radioactive contamination the commanders order to give an alarm signal, mark the data on the map providing 4 zones of radioactive contamination:

Zone A – moderate contamination (indicated in blue). Man, being in that zone, can receive radiation dose from 40 to 400 R during the complete fallout of radioactive substances in the area.

Zone B – severe contamination (indicated on the map in green). The man in this area can get a dose of 400 to 1 200 R during the complete decay of radioactive substances.

In the zone C – dangerous contamination (indicated on the map in brown). Man, being in the zone may receive a dose of radiation from 1200 to 4000 R in a time of complete fallout of radioactive substances. Radiation levels at the boundary of the zone of B in 1 h after the explosion is equal to 240 R / h. 100% of personnel is out of order;

Zone D - extremely dangerous contamination (indicated on the map in black). The man in this area can get a dose of 4 000 to 10 000 R during the complete decay of radioactive substances.

Evaluation of radioactive situation

Evaluation of radiation situation is carried out by two methods: 1) forecasting; 2) according to the radiation intelligence survey.

Evaluation of radiation is made by using scientifically developed spreadsheets, charts, templates, radiation dosimeters and rulers. At sites contaminated with radioactive substances, people and animals are subjected to ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation is carried out by neutron, gamma, beta, alpha radiation. Detection and measurement of ionizing radiation are called dosimetry, and devices intended for these purposes - dosimeters.

3 main types of measurement are made using dosimeters:

1) Measurement of radiation levels in areas contaminated with radioactive substances and determination of the boundaries of contaminated areas;

2) measurement of the degree of radioactive contamination of the skin and clothing of personnel, weapons, military equipment, transport, buildings and other objects, as well as water, food and forage;

3) measurement of radiation dose received (accumulated) by personnel while in the contaminated area or in nuclear foci.

 

 

28. Kazakstan’s nuclear background

When the USSR collapsed in December 1991, Kazakhstan inherited the fourth largest nuclear arsenal in the world after the Russian Federation. In addition, Kazakhstan was home to the Semipalatinsk nuclear weapons test site. Upon declaring independence in December 1991, Kazakhstan made the decision to renounce nuclear weapons. Kazakhstan ratified START-I in 1992, acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1994 and transferred all of these nuclear



warheads to Russia by April 1995 and destroyed the nuclear testing infrastructure at Semipalatinsk by July 2000. Central Asia played an important role in the development of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) during the Soviet era. The Soviet Union tested 456 nuclear devices as well as radiological weapons at the Semipalatinsk Test Site in Kazakhstan.

Kazakhstan’s Nuclear Energy

By the Government Decree # 925 as of August 20, 2002 the concept of the development of uranium industry and Atomic Energy of the RK was adopted for 2002-2030.

Currently the State program of development of atomic industry and energy of Kazakhstan is being drafted. The program covers the period from 2003 to 2030 and determines the strategy of the first phase of the creation and development of the national atomic energy. One of the first steps in implementing this program is to develop a feasibility study on construction of nuclear power stations. Kazakhstan, which possesses the world's second largest uranium reserves, harbors nuclear ambitious goals.

Goal #1: To become the world's largest uranium producer by 2010

Goal #2: To become a significant supplier of nuclear fuel

Goal #3: To produce domestic nuclear power

Goal #4: To sell nuclear reactors

29. Kazakhstan’s International legislation on Nuclear Weapons.

The foreign ministers of the five Central Asian States signed a treaty establishing a Central Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone (CANWFZ) on 8 September 2006. On 11 December 2008, Kazakhstan's parliament ratified the CANWFZ Treaty. Kazakhstan’s was the last ratification required for the treaty to enter into force.


Date: 2015-12-24; view: 931


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The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction (10 April 1972). | The anti-nuclear movement Nevada-Semipalatinsk
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