The unrestricted free translation introduced by Horaceand Apuleius, which established strong position in France.

3.the old trend adhering to the Cicero’s principle of regular sense-to-sense translation without the unrestricted reductions or additions to the work in their final translated version.

In the 17-18^th the unchanging of the structure of the original belles-letters texts was demanded from the interpreters.

The English author John Dryden demanded from translators faithfulness to the spirit of the original, it became the motto in the period of classicism and Enlightenment.

German translator and literary critic Ventzky put forward the idea that the translated belles-letters works “should seem to the readers to be born, not made citizens’, principle of adjustment of the source language works to the current readers by way of free, unrestricted sense-to-sense rendering.

The most outspoken defender of free adaptation translation in Germany was Frau Gottsched and her adherents Kruger, Laub and Schlegel. She recommended to modernize and nationalize the foreign author’s works, to change their scenes of events, customs, traditions for the corresponding German customs and traditions. She recommended the use of dialectal material in translation and practiced unrestricted free interpretation of original belles-letters works.

33. The Epoch of Romanticism and Establishment of the Principles of Faithful Translation in Europe

In the second half of the 18^th century the controversy between the opponents of the strict word-for-word translation and those who supported the free sense-to-sense translation continued unabated. The most outspoken opponents were Campbell and Tytler in England, Herder and Gothe in Germany.

Herder visited European countries including Ukraine and studied their national folksongs, the most characteristic of which he translated into German. Herder was captivated by the beauty of the national songs of Ukraine. He demanded that all translators of prose and poetic works render strictly, fully and faithfully not only the richness of content, but also the stylistic peculiarities, the artistic beauty and the spirit of the source language works. This new approach, or rather a new principle of truly faithful literary translation, was born during the period of Enlightenment and developed during early Romanticism.

This faithful/realistic principle was not employed in all European countries at once. The free sense-to-sense translation/unrestricted free translation as well as free adaptation continued to be widely employed in Europe in the 1^st half of the 19^th century and even later.

34. Translation in Ukraine

Biletskiy-Nosenko, Hulak-Artemovsky, Borovykovskyi’ were well-known translators of those times.

Near faithful versification can be observed in Hrebinka’s translation of Pushkin’s Poltava, which the poet himself identified as free translation. Both these versifictions convey almost completely the content, the iambic or choric rhythm, their vocalic and consonantal lines, their ease and melody. Despite some divergences in picturesqueness, phraseology, these translated works already bear all the characteristic features of a faithful versification.

Consequently, the first half of the 19^th century may be considered to have been the starting date in the history of faithful Ukrainian versification/translation.

Actively participating in the literary process of that period were poet Metlynskyi (translations of German, French poets) and Maksymovych (versification of the Tale of the Host of Ihor).

Other translators –Holovatskyi (Serbian songs), Hrebinka, Maksymovych, Borovykovsky, Fedkovych (Austrian and German poetry), Kostomarov (Byron’s works), Starytskyi, Potebnya, Puliuy. Kulish, Franko, Lesya Ukrainka.

In the 10^th-11^th century only the materials necessary for the church services were translated, but soon the Bible began to appear in different cities of Kyivan Rus’. Among the fully preserved Bibles of those timed today are the Reims Bible, the Ostomyr’ Bible, the Mstyslaw’s Bible, Halych Bible.

In the 11-12^th centuries there also appeared several Psalm books (Psalters) which were followed by the “Apostles”. It is important to note, that the Old Slavonic translations of Psalms and larger works as The Jewish Wars by Josephus Flavius contained several lexical, morphological (vocative case forms), syntactic features of the then old Ukrainian which are used in present-day Ukrainian.

A considerable intensification was witnessed in Ukrainian translation during the 17^th century, which could have been influenced by the activities in the Kyiv Mohyla Academy(1632). In the first half of the 17^th century there appeared the translations from the Greek (by Slilskyi and Nalyvaiko), from the Latin (by Sakovych).These translations were of high quality and were mostly free adaptations.

During the second half of the 17^th century after the domination over Ukraine was divided between Russia and Poland (Andrussovo treaty), translation practically survived only in the Kyiv Mohyla Academy.

Translators – Symeon Polotskiy, Tuptalo, Mokiyevych (Old and new Testament, the Bible of Matthew).

17-18^th century. Ivan Maksymovych translated the works of German poet Hugo.

Date: 2015-12-24; view: 773