Iquest;quién? 10 page

Penitenciario.

48, 6 sqq. Compare with this chapter the conversations of Mr. Nupkins inchapters XXIV and XXV of Pickwick Papers.

48, 11.velón de Lucena. Lucena, a town of Andalusia, in the Cabra Valley,about forty miles southeast of Cordova, is still noted for its lamps. The old-fashioned velón de Lucena was a tall brass affair, with a number of wicks fitted into projecting beak-like receptacles for the oil.

48, 22.a lo que.Lo quehere =what; the prepositional force falls on theque,though lo precedes. That is what I was coming to, what I was getting at. In form the construction is attracted from es lo a que iba.

48, 25. I have not been able to find the origin or the details of the story of the"Sargento Utrera" or "Sargento de Utrera que reventó de feo." He belongs to Andalusia, as the town name Utrera would suggest; and he shares his distinction with "El Sargento Cruz, a quién por feo tuvieron que dar los Santos Oleos con una caña." For information on the whole subject I am much indebted to Sr. Bonilla y San Martín, and to Sr. D. Joaquín Hazañas y la Rua, of Seville. Cf. reference in note to 17, 1.

49, 27.me las compondré:I will fix things up.

49, 28.la [batalla] de San Quintín. St. Quentin, an important French town,eighty-two miles north-north-east of Paris, was the scene of several battles; the one referred to here was fought in 1557, on August 10, St. Lawrence's day, and was a great victory for the Spaniards, who, under the command of the Duke of Savoy, and with the aid of English, Flemish, and German auxiliaries, beat the French under Coligny and the Constable Montmorency. The Escorial was founded as a monument of the gratitude of Philip II for this victory, and dedicated to St. Lawrence.

50, 6.cuando te tuvo:When he took you, i. e.,that he took you,in that hetook you. So also 84, 18, cuando ha ido, when she has gone = since she has gone. 148

50, 27.Pósito Real,Pósito Pío. Thepósitowas the public granary, whethernational or municipal, to which regular contributions were due by law. The pósito real was storehouse of forage for the army, the royal stables, etc.; the pósito pío a charitable institution from which grain was lent without interest in kind (creces) or other charges (recargo), or given to widows, poor farmers, hospitals, asylums, etc. So, in the one case, the alcalde was simply behind in his taxes; in the other he had actually taken property to which under no circumstances had he any right.

54, 12.mañana será otro día. A very favorite Spanish expression, usedsometimes as a gently pessimistic reflection on the transitoriness of mundane things, and more often, as here, to suggest that there is no hurry about anything, and that to-morrow will take care of itself. Cf. the German:

Morgen ist auch wieder ein Tag.

56, 5, 6.trabuco,bocacha. It is rather difficult to make a distinction intranslation; blunderbuss is the word most often used in either case; bocacha is really a bell-muzzled trabuco.

56, 25.rúbrica. Therúbricais the characteristic flourish that accompaniesalmost every Spanish signature; it has always been regarded as highly important as an attest of genuineness, much as the seal in other countries. So firma y rúbrica would be practically equivalent to hand and seal.

57, 5.con más pelos y señales:With more hairs and moles; i. e., "in greaterdetail."

57, 18.¡Qué burra ni qué demontre!What the deuce do you want with aburra!

60, 6.pajarraco. The suffixaco(more usuallyajooracho) suggests at oncelarge size and ill-favoredness—hideousness.

62,tit.XVII.Alcalde de Monterilla. Themonterillais a small cloth capworn by peasants. Its use here is to denote a person whose only distinction is his office, as we speak of a beggar on horseback. A "jay-alcalde" would be a fairly accurate rendering of the idea.

64, 25.de profundis: The first words of the vulgate version of the 129(130th) Psalm, De profundis clamavi ad te Domine, etc., used in the Catholic Church as a prayer for the souls of the dead.

64, 29.pro. This word is now more usually masculine. 149

66,tit.XIX.Voces clamantes in deserto.Voices crying in the wilderness;compare Matthew iii, 3, Isaiah xl, 3.

66, 1.que soy de Archena. Archena is a town of the old kingdom of Murcia,on the Segura, about sixteen miles northwest of Murcia. Its introduction here by Uncle Lucas has only the significance of native local pride. Compare the expression current in the United States at the present day: "I'm from Missouri; I want to be shown." For the rest of the line and for a speech analogous in spirit, see Don Quijote's outbreak in Chapter XVII of the Second part: "¿leoncitos a mí? ¿a mí leoncitos, y a tales horas?" etc.

69, 7.deliberada y voluntariamente: note the omission of the adverbialsuffix. Cf. despertar y vestirse, 87, 9.

70, 12.había, impersonal, as proved bycolgadasfollowing.Colgadas,adjective-participle, hanging.

70, 20.reo en capilla. Persons under death-sentence in Spain have theregular attendance of priests, and are confined in a cell specially arranged for religious services, whence the name capilla. The hopa is a black cassock or robe worn by the criminal at execution.

79, 9.¡Santos y Santas!Saints and Saintesses, though effective, is scarcelyEnglish: "male and female saints" obviously will not do. We are constrained to twist the text a bit and translate: Saints of heaven! or better, Saints and angels of heaven!

79, 12.a mí ¿qué?What is it to me? What is that to me? What do I care?

80, 3.cachorrillos. Thecachorrillois a very small pocket-pistol, somethingon the bulldog order. The name is descriptive, being a diminutive of cachorro, "puppy."

81, 22.esta es la más negra: elliptical construction; sc.cosa.

82, 10.maula. The word is regularly feminine. The short form of the articlehere is Garduña's carelessness of speech.

82, 15.talonazois a backward kick or dig with the heel;puntapiéa forwardkick with the toe.

83, 17.lo que te dices, trans.:what you are saying. The reflexive pronoun isused colloquially as implying the suggestion of astonishment and warning in the hearer, impertinence in the (first) speaker. [p. 150] Syntactically it seems simply expletive, as also in se anda, 57, 19, and elsewhere (sp. 105, 30). In andarse the influence of irse is apparent.

86, 5.si será, si será: for classification of uses ofsi, cf. vocabulary.

86, 19.un alfiler de a ochavo.A farthing pin.The prepositiondereallyqualifies the distributive expression a ochavo which itself stands for "los que se venden" or "se compran a ochavo el uno," or some equivalent phrase.

87, 2.mona. Cf. the GermanAffe, in like sense.

87, 14.téngalas; sc.noches.

88, 3.esta su casa. The Spanish form of courtesy. A welcome visitor isalways in his own house.

89, 4. The expletive use of the name of the Virgin, as of others in Spanish, iswell known; it may be general or with some suggestion of personal attribute, as the Purísima of 38, 20; or it may be, as here, with reference to some particular image or shrine. The same thing is true of the use of Mary as a given name in baptism; and the curious Spanish names Carmen, Dolores, Concepción, Pilar and so on, are simply the shortened form of María del Carmen, María de los Dolores, etc.

89, 19.bueno, as in the vocabulary, orhe is in a pretty fix. Cf. use ofbueno,"well," "healthy."

89, 21.Pardo, a royal country seat on the Manzanares, about six miles fromMadrid. It was built by Charles I (Charles V), increased by Charles III, and was long a favorite shooting-box, with extensive preserves.

89, 24.Pedro el Cruel. Pedro I, King of Castile and Leon, born about 1334,succeeded his father, Alfonso XI, in 1350; killed by his half-brother, Henry of Trastamara, in 1369; called also Pedro el Justiciero. Intimately associated in history with the Black Prince, John of Gaunt, and Bertrand Duguesclin.

91, 4.que venga a preguntar:should it come to ask. The subjunctive maybe taken as a condensed conditional construction, or as characteristic; in either case it is a subjunctive of result: if so be it should come, in case it should come, or should it be of such a kind as to come. 151

91, 8, 9.¡caza mayor!—¡mayúscula!big game!—game with a big G.!

91, 28.¡Guarda, Pablo!Expression denoting at once surprise and therecognition of need for caution. Translate, Hold on, fellows! Easy there! Go slow, Johnny! or something of the sort.

95, 17.albarca.The more usual form of the word isabarca. It is theroughest kind of a sandal, a simple rawhide sole, with straps covering two of the toes and fastening about the instep and ankle. The abarca is very old in Spain: it is mentioned in the General Chronicle of Alfonso the Learned, ed. 1541, folio cclxii verso, and at least one King of Navarre, Sancho Abarca (905-927), had his surname from the use of it among his followers.

98, 25.¡Dale, bola!A very familiar expression, denoting the irritation ordisgust experienced at hearing a thing much repeated. See vocabulary, bola.

100,tit.XXIX.Post nubila... Diana:After storm-clouds, moonlight.

100, 5.balcón.The Spanishbalcónis not always, or indeed usually, abalcony in the English sense of the word. What is generally to be understood is a window with a railing upon which one may lean, either with or without a very slight projection beyond the wall of the house.

102, 26.había moros en la costa.The expression dates from the time whenraids by the Moorish pirates of North Africa were frequent on the eastern and southern coasts of Spain. It has been generalized to signify the nearly impending, and is of frequent use.

105, 5.mantilla: shawl or scarf worn as a head-covering by women ofSpanish countries. There are many different kinds of mantillas. Those worn in the cities are usually of lace, while in the country they are frequently of other materials. The one here spoken of is evidently of flannel covered with a mesh of chenille and bordered with a fringe of balls of the same.

107, 17.meis dative of interest.

115, 28.harina de otro costal:flour from a different sack; i. e., anothermatter, another story, a horse of a different color, another pair of sleeves. Note that the miller's wife went to the mill for her figure. 152

117, 8.cuarto estado,the Fourth Estate, i. e., the laborers and serving-classes, the proletariat, as distinguished from the Third Estate, the Commons.

119, 10.arrimó una bofetada:handed him a blow.

120, 6.San Simón y San Judas.The feast-day of St. Simon and St. Jude,Apostles, is October 28th. Simon Zelotes the Canaanite, and Judas, also called Thaddeus, are mentioned among the disciples of Jesus, Matthew x, 3, Mark iii, 18, Luke vi, 16; and again, Acts i, 13. For a curious account of their lives and martyrdom, see Jacobus a Voragine, Legenda aurea, Cap. CLIX (154), ed. Graesse, Breslau, 1890, or the Temple reprint of Caxton's translation of the same work, London, Dent, 1900 (vol. VI, pp. 72 sqq.). The night of St. Simon and St. Jude is in Spain what St. John's Eve (June 23) is in most of the rest of Europe, the season when ghosts, goblins and fairies are busiest. Compare 86, 10-12.

121, 6.Anteo.Antæus, a giant, son of Poseidon and Gaia. He was invincibleas long as he was on the ground, receiving added strength from the Earth, his mother, at every contact. He was killed by Hercules, who held him in the air and strangled him.

121, 8.énfasis.This word, originally feminine, has become common, and isnow more often found masculine.

122, 19.la pompa, "the peacock's tail," "the cheese." The name is takenfrom the puffed circle made on the floor by the performer's skirts at the lowest point of the courtesy.

124, 20.Solán de Cabras: thermal bath at Beteta in the province of Cuenca,about eighty miles eastward from Madrid. The Springs have been known since the sixteenth century, when herdsmen found goats "suffering with cutaneous complaints" bathing in the waters. Hence the name.

126, 5.arroba, in dry measure twenty-five pounds; as liquid measure, variesin different provinces.

126, 10.Guerra de la Independencia.The Peninsular War, 1808-1814,between England, Spain, Portugal and France. It resulted in the expulsion of the French from the Peninsula.

126, 17.mariscal francés.In the first edition, General Sebastiani is named.153

126, 28.Baza: town of province of Granada, fifty-seven miles northeast ofGranada, an important Moorish city, taken by Isabella the Catholic after a seven months' siege, December 4, 1489. The French under Marshal Soult defeated the Spaniards here August 10, 1810.

127, 6 sqq. The Constitution of Cadiz was adopted in 1812, suspended at therestoration of Ferdinand VII in 1814, accepted by him after Riego's successful rising in 1820, and abrogated with the fall of the Liberals after the French siege of Cadiz in 1823. Ferdinand VII, el Rey Absoluto, died September 29, 1833.

127, 10. The first Carlist War, ended by the Treaty of Vergara, August 31,1839. 155

VOCABULARY

ABBREVIATIONS

acc., accusative. n. pr., proper noun.

adj., adjective. num., numeral.

adv., adverb. part., participle.

ant., antonym. pass., passive.

art., article. poss., possessive.

aux., auxiliary. pp., past participle.

dat., dative. pres., present.

dem., demonstrative. pron., pronoun.

dim., diminutive. rel., relative.

f., feminine. resp., respectively.

fig., figurative. sp., specially.

imp., impersonal. subs., substantive.

interj., interjection. trans., translate.

int., interrogative. v. a., transitive verb.

m., masculine. v. n., neuter verb.

neut., neuter. v. refl., reflexive verb.

➔ The heavy figures indicate the pages; the light figures the lines.

A

a,prep., to, towards, at, by;before personal objects is sign of acc., and is nottranslated. With infinitive, if.

abadesa,f., abbess.

abajo,adv., below, downward.cf.escalera.

abandonar,v. a., to leave, to abandon, to desert;v. refl.,—se, to yield, to give oneself up, to abandon oneself.abanicar,v. a., to fan.

abeja,f., bee.

abierto, ta,adj., open.abismo,m., abyss, chasm.

ablandar,v. a., to soften,111, 8.abochornarse,v. refl., to blush.abogado,m., lawyer, advocate.

abonar,v. a., to pay,50, 30; to warrant, to give security.abrazar,v. a., to embrace;pp.,

abrazado, da, clinging to, pressed against, clasping,111, 13.abrazo,m., embrace.

abril,m., April.abrir,v. a., to open.

absolutismo,m., absolutism,25, 5.absoluto, ta,adj., absolute, unlimited.cf.licencia.

absurdo, da,adj., absurd.abuelo,m., grandfather;pl.abuelos, grandparents, ancestors.abusar,v. n.,

— de, to abuse, to take advantage of.abuso,m., abuse, ill-custom.

acá,adv., here, hither;por —, hither, this way.

acabar,v. a., to complete, to finish, to achieve, to end;—de hacer una cosa, to have just done a thing;

— por hacer una cosa, to end by doing a thing, to do a thing at last,v. n., toend, to come to an end;

—se,v. refl., to come to an end.Académico,m., academician;

— correspondiente de la Historia, corresponding member of the Academyof History; see note to 13, 24. 158

acariciar,v. a., to caress.acaso,conj., perhaps, perchance.acaudalado, da,adj., wealthy.

accidental,adj., incidental,3, 23.acción,f., action.

aceite,m., oil;

pan de —,see note to44, 17.acento,m., accent, tone.acentuar,v. a., to mark,110, 10.

acepto, ta,adj., agreeable, welcome, acceptable,26, 7.acequia,f., watercourse,77, 23.

acercarse,v. refl., to approach, to draw near.acero,m., steel.

acertar,v. n., to hit it right, to be right,31, 3; to manage, to succeed,121,17.

acomodar,v. a., to suit, to please,120, 1.acompañante,m., companion, escort,100, 12.acompañar,v. a., to accompany.

aconsejar,v. a., to counsel, to advise.acontecer,v. n., to happen.acordarse,v. refl., to remember.acostar,v. a., to put to bed,115, 8;—se,v. refl., to lie down, to go to bed.

acostumbrado, da,adj., accustomed, used.actitud,f., attitude, posture, gesture.actividad,f., activity, action,35, 23.

acto,m., act;

en el —, forthwith, immediately.actual,adj., present,36, 18.

acueducto,m., aqueduct, conduit,20, 18.

acuerdo,m., agreement, consent,36, 22, accord,49, 28;

estar de —,49, 5, to be in accord, to be of one mind, to be agreed.acusar,v. a., to accuse.

adecuado, da,adj., appropriate, pat,43, 8.adelantarse,v. refl., to advance.adelante,adv., forwards, before;

hacia —, forward, forwards,35, 19;más —, farther on.

ademán,m., gesture, bearing,125, 24.además,adv., besides, moreover.además de,prep., besides,26, 15.adiós,m., farewell,59, 15.

adivinar,v. a. and n., to guess, to divine.administrar,v. a., to administer,42, 7.admirable,adj., admirable.admirablemente,adv., admirably, excellently.admiración,f., admiration.

admirar,v. a., to admire,2, 22.

admitir,v. a., to admit,23, 4; to consent; to accept. 159adonde,adv., where, whither.

¿adónde?adv. int., where? whither?adoptar,v. a., to adopt.

adorar,v. a., to adore, to worship.

adorno,m., adornment, ornament, decoration.adquirir,v. a., to acquire.

adversario,m., adversary,79, 31.

advertir,v. a., to notice, to note,35, 3,102, 5; to inform,51, 9; to warn,56,19.

afable,adj., affable.

afablemente,adv., affably, pleasantly, kindly.afán,m., labour, effort.

afanado, da,adj., suffering, hard-working, overworked,116, 22.afectar,v. a., to affect, to feign, to make show of,40, 13.afecto,m., affection, passion, desire.

afectuoso, sa,adj., affectionate, gentle,104, 16.aficionado, da,adj., devoted (to), fond (of).afilado, da,adj., (part.afilar), slender,16, 10.afligir,v. a., to afflict;part.,

afligido, da, asadj.,77, 6.

afrancesado, da,adj., like the French, Frenchified,13, 9; partisan of theFrench, 126, 25; see note to 13, 9.

afrenta,f., affront, dishonor, outrage,119, 28.afuera,adv., without, outside.

agacharse,v. refl., to stoop, to squat, to crouch,73, 20; to bend, to bow,122,17.

agarrar,v. a., to catch hold, hold tight;

estoy bien agarrado,30, 14, I have a good hold; to pick up (of a chair),35,15; to get hold of, 49, 3.

agasajar,v. a., to entertain hospitably, to pamper,11, 22.agasajo,m., caress,19, 18.

ágil,adj., spry, agile.

agilísimo, ma,adj., very spry, very agile,26, 29.agitar,v. a., to agitate, to trouble, to quicken.agotar,v. a., to exhaust,81, 14.

agradable,adj., agreeable.

agradar,v. n., to please, to charm,22, 10.agravio,m., insult,109, 12.

agregar,v. a., to add,39, 24.agrupar,v. a., to group;part.,agrupado, da,as adj.,107, 13.agua,f., water,

— potable, drinking-water,20, 30;

la bocha hecha un —, his mouth watering,40, 16.

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