Average grain size measured over repeated passes of laser
Laser diffraction measures from 2 mm to 0.1 μm
No flocculation of fines
International testing standards state that dry sieving
Should NOT be used where the fines content is significant
c) Discuss about Ultra-fine Cement Squeeze as a water control method. (1)
Ultra Ultra-fine Cement ( Size - < 10 micron)
Better penetrability than conventional cement
Small size casing hole
Micro-channels
Can be mixed with ultra fine silica
Thermal stability
Expensive
d)What kind material might you see during cleanup? (1)
Returns of Drilling Fluids
Returns of Stimulation Fluids
Returns of solids
Returns of Water
Returns of Nitrogen
Returns of mixtures of the above, including well fluids.
E) List the Chemical Methods of Wax Removal. (1
Solvents
Dispersants
Surfactants
Crystal modifiers
f) Guidelines for Screen Selection. (1)
· Select largest slot size or micron rating possible (under confines of required retention efficiency)
Determine screen permeability if convenient
Larger open area of screen is better
Screen strength should be considered (protective shrouds, etc.)
g) Discuss about Cross-linked Polymer System as a water control method. (1)
Physical Plugging Agents
Cross Cross-linked Polymer Systems
Mainly acrylamide ter-polymer
Organic or Inorganic cross-linker
Variable concentration
Low to very high viscosity
Designable placement time
Applicable in sand stone & carbonate
Large volume application possible
Applicable up to 140 0C
Total sealant
Application
Bottom water shutoff
Coning
Channel from Injector
Casing leak
Fracture into injector/aquifer
Plugging operation/zone abandonment
Gas shutoff
Question #2.
a) List the Sand Control Methods. (1)
No control
Slotted Liner (SL)
SAS (Wire-Wrapped)
SAS (Shrink Fit)
SAS (Shrouded Metal Mesh)
Expandable Screen
In Situ Consolidation (Resin)
Oriented & Selective Perforating
OHGP & IGP
Frac Pack (Including Extension Pack or HRWP)
Screenless Frac Pack
b) Determine the Cloud Point and Pour Point. (1)
To determine Cloud Point (1)
use ASTM D 2500-66
To determine Pour Point (2)
use ASTM D 97-66
(1) the temperature at which the first wax crystals appear according to the standardized ASTM D2500-66 test protocol which is used to determine this temperature
(2) the temperature at which the amount of wax out of solution is sufficient to gel the fuel when tested under standard ASTM D97 test protocol; it is a measure of the ability of a diesel fuel to operate (or not operate / flow) under cold weather conditions
c) Discuss about Advantages/ Disadvantages Wire-wrapped Screen. (1)
Advantages
_Trapiziform slots
_High manufacturing efficiency
_Profile materials can be stainless steel
Disadvantages
_Inaccurate wire spacing can allow for production of formation sand or plugging
_Can be damaged when installed through doglegs, high angle and horizontal sections because of vertical orientation between wrapped wires and support rods
d) What do we mean by a stabilized flow and what would you look for? (1)
What do we mean by a stabilized flow?
A well is considered to have "stabilized or reached stabilized flow when for a given choke size or producing rate, the flowing bottom hole pressure reaches equilibrium and remains constant.
What would you look for?
_Constant wellhead pressure
_Constant gas production rate
_Constant oil production rate
e) List the mechanical solutions for water control. (1)
Water Control Solutions
Mechanical
Physical
Chemical
Water Control Materials
Mechanical Solutions & Well Techniques
Packers
Bridge Plugs
Casing Patches
Infill Drilling
Side Tracking
Pattern Flow Control
Horizontal
Multilateral
f) Discuss about Punched Slot screens. (1)
Sand Exclusion Devices (Filters)
Based on Slots:
_Slotted Liner
_Wire-WrappedScreen
_Punched Slot
Based on Pores:
_Pre-Packed Screen
_Shrouded Metal Mesh Screen
_Expandable Screen.
About Punched Slot
Developed in China circa 2000
Stainless steel punched slot jacket on base pipe
_Good anti-corrosion characteristics
_Higher base pipe collapse strength without slots
_90°slots allow for greater flow area and reduced
plugging tendency
g) How would you identify that a well has cleaned up? (1)
BS&W of less than 0.1%. On gas wells obtaining shakeouts with 10%+ condensate.
Salinity stabilization near salinity of formation water.
BHP and/or WHP stabilization.
Flow rate stabilization.
Ph indicating 5 (or above) or neutral after acidizing.
Question #3.
a) Discuss about Conventional Cement Squeeze as a water control method. (1)