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Read, translate, analyse the following examples paying attention to Parallelism and its stylistic function.

 

1. One may see by their footprints that they have not walked arm in arm; and that they have not walked in a straight track, and that they have walked in a moody humor. (D.)

2. It were better that he knew nothing. Better for common sense, better for him, better for me. (Ch.Dickens)

3. He sat, still and silent, until his future landlord accepted his proposals and brought writing materials to complete the business. He sat, still and silent, while the landlord wrote. (Ch.Dickens)

4. Supposing his head had been held under water for a while. Supposing the first blow had been truer. Supposing he had been shot. Supposing he had been strangled. Supposing this way, that way, the other way. Supposing anything but getting unchained from the one idea for that was inexorably impossible. (Ch.Dickens)

5. The whitewashed room was pure white as of old, the methodical book-keeping was in peaceful progress as of old, and some distant howler was hanging against a cell door as of old. (Ch.Dickens)

6. I wake up and I'm alone, and I walk round Warley and I’m alone, and I talk with people and I'm alone and I look at his face when I'm home and it’s dead...(J.Braine)

She unchained, unbolted, and unlocked the door. (A. Bennet)

7. "You, Sir," said Snawley, addressing the terrified Smike, "are an unnatural, ungrateful, unloveable boy." (Ch.Dickens)

8. Young Blight made a great show of fetching from his desk a long thin manuscript volume with a brown paper cover, and running his finger down the day's appointments, murmuring, "Mr. Aggs, Mr. Baggs, Mr. Daggs, Mr. Faggs, Mr. Gaggs, Mr. Boffin. Yes, Sir, quite right. You are a little before your time, sir. . ."

Young Blight made another great show of changing the volume, taking up a pen, sucking it, dipping it, and running over previous entries before he wrote, as,"Mr. Alley, Mr. Bailey, Mr. Galley, Mr. Dalley, Mr. Falley, Mr. Galley, Mr. Halley, Mr. Kalley, Mr. Malley. And Mr. Boffin." (Ch.Dickens)

9. ...it's all the chatting and the feeding and the old squiring and the toing and froing that runs away with the time. (K.Amis)

10. Laughing, crying, cheering, chaffing, singing, David Rossi's people brought him home in triumph. (H.Caine)

11. The expression of his face, the movement of his shoulders, the turn of his spine, the gesture of his hands, probably even the twiddle of his toes, all indicated a half-humorous apology. (S.Maugham)

12. The one was all the other failed to be. Protective, not demanding; dependable, not weak; low-voiced, never strident. . . (D.du Mauriere)

13. The sky was dark and gloomy, the air damp and raw, the streets wet and sloppy. (Ch.Dickens)

14. Oh! be that ideal still! That great inheritance throw not away—that tower of ivory do not destroy! (O.Wilde)

15. Nostrils wide, scenting the morning air for the taint of game, his senses picked up something alien in the atmosphere. Naked body, taut and alert, his dark eyes searched the distance. (K.Prichard)



16. Pink is what red looks like when it kicks off its shoes and lets its hair down. Pink is the boudoir colour, the cherubic colour, the colour of Heaven's gates. . . . Pink is as laid back as beige, but while beige is dull and bland, pink is laid back with attitude. (Tom Robbins)

17. No little Gradgrind had ever seen a face in the moon; it was up in the moon before it could speak distinctly. No little Gradgrind had ever learnt the silly jingle, Twinkle, twinkle, little star; how I wonder what you are! No little Gradgrind had ever known wonder on the subject, each little Gradgrind having at five years old dissected the Great Bear like a Professor Owen, and driven Charles's Wain like a locomotive engine-driver. No little Gradgrind had ever associated a cow in a field with that famous cow with the crumpled horn who tossed the dog who worried the cat who killed the rat who ate the malt, or with that yet more famous cow who swallowed Tom Thumb: it had never heard of those celebrities, and had only been introduced to a cow as a graminivorous ruminating quadruped with several stomachs. (Ch.Dickens)

 

 

Chiasmus

Chiasmus/kaɪˈæːzməs/ from the Greek - to shape like the letter Χ, is the figure of speech in which two or more clauses are related to each other through a reversal of structures to articulate balance or order within a text. As a popular example, many long and complex chiasmi have been found in Shakespeare and the Greek and Hebrew texts of theBible. Chiasmus is also calledreversed parallelism, for into its pattern two sentences are included are included, of which the second repeats the structure of the first, or in reversed manner, so that the general formula of chiasmus may be fixed as follows: Subject – Predicate –Object (SPO) – Object – Predicate Subject (OPS) – ABBA.

When read left to right, up to down, the first topic (A) is reiterated as the last, and the middle concept (B) appears twice in succession (Also, the middle concept could appear just once).

Chiasmus repeats similar concepts in inverted order for the purpose of clarifying the meaning or directing attention to a central theme. The two predominant characteristics that make up this definition are inverted parallelism or a reversing of order of the elements and a balanced symmetry constructed

The stylistic function of Chiasmus as that of many syntactical devicesis a rhetorical and rhythmic balance in which the second of two parallel phrases or clauses reverses the order of the syntactic elements in the first. It can produce a dramatic or oratorical effect, as in many passages in the Bible and in other great literature though it is always relevant to the message of the text in general and almost always sounds convincing and demonstrative. For example

A - But many that are first
B - shall be last;
B - and the last
A -shall be first. (Bible: Matthew 19:30.)

A - Do not give what is holy to dogs,
B - and do not throw your pearls before swine,
B - lest they (the pigs) trample them under their feet,
A - and (the dogs) turn and tear you to pieces. (Bible: Matthew 7:6.)

In both quotations the target of the crisscross order is to draw attention to the main objects in mind – first and last, dogs and swine. The chiasmic structure emphasises the semantic opposition between the two and brings onto the focus of our attention their crucial difference. Chiasmus in these examples aggravates the discrepancy and deepens the conceptual meaning.

 


Date: 2015-12-24; view: 2129


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