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Read, translate, analyse the following examples paying attention to Semantically false chain and its stylistic function.1. Mr. Stiggins . . . took his hat and his leave. (Ch. Dickens) 2. Disco was working in all his shore dignity and a pair of beautiful carpet slippers. (R. Kipling) 3. Aunt Trundle was in high feather and spirits . . . All the girls were in tears and muslin. (Ch. Dickens) 4. She put on a white frock that suited the sunny riverside and her. (S.Maugham) 5. The fat boy went into the next room; and having been absent about a minute, returned with the snuff-box and the palest face that ever a fat boy wore. (Ch. Dickens) 6. She had her breakfast and her bath. (S. Maugham) 7. Miss Bolo rose from the table considerably agitated, and went straight home in a flood of tears and a sedan chair. (Ch. Dickens) 8. A young girl who had a yellow smock and a cold in the head that did not go on too well together, was helping an old lady . . . (J.B.Priestley) 10. ...the outside passengers.remain where they are, and stamp their feet against the coach to warm them — looking with longing eyes and red noses at the bright fire in the inn bar. (Ch. Dickens) 10. Cyrus Trask mourned for his wife with a keg of whisky and three old army friends. (J. Steinbeck) 11. Its atmosphere and crockery were thick, its napery and soup were thin. (O. Henry) 12. Mr. Smangle was still engaged in relating a long story, the chief point of which appeared to be that, on some occasion particularly stated and set forth, he had "done a bill and a gentleman at the same time”. (Ch. Dickens) 13. He struck off his pension and his head together. (Ch. Dickens) 14. Sophia lay between blankets in the room overhead with a feverish cold. This cold and her new dress were Mrs. Baine's sole consolation at the moment. A.Bennet) 15. From her earliest infancy Gertrude had been brought up by her aunt. Her aunt had carefully instructed her to Christian principles. She had also taught her Mohamedanism to make sure. (S. Lewis) 16. ...he's a hard man to talk to. Impossible if you don’t share his fixations, of which Holly is one. Some others are: ice hockey, Weimaraner dogs, 'Our Gal (a soap serial he has listened to for fifteen years), and Gilbert and Sullivan — he claims to be related to one or the other, I can't remember which. (T. Capote) 17. But she heard and remembered discussions of Freud, Romain Rolland, syndicalism, the Confederation Generale du Travail, feminism vs. haremism, Chinese lyrics, naturalization of mines, Christian Science, and fishing in Ontario. (S.Lewis) 18. Only at the annual balls of the Firemen...was there such prodigality of chiffon scarfs and tangoing and heart-burnings. (S. Lewis) 19. Mrs. Dave Dyer, a sallow woman with a thin prettiness, devoted to experiments in religious cults, illnesses, and scandal bearing, shook her finger at Carol. (S. Lewis) 20. His disease consisted of spots, bed, honey in spoons, tangerine oranges and high temperature. (G. Greene) 21. A Governess wanted. Must possess knowledge of Rumanian, Russian,Italian, Spanish, German, Music and Mining Engineering. (St.Leacock)
Pun. Etymology. Perhaps special use of pun, variant of pound, i.e., to mistreat(words). A pun is a figure of speech which consists of a deliberate confusion of similar words or phrases for rhetorical effect, whether humorous or serious. A pun can rely on the assumed equivalency of multiple similar words (homonymy), of different shades of meaning of one word (polysemy), or of a literal meaning with a metaphor. Bad puns are often considered to be cheesy. For example: A bicycle can't stand alone because it is two-tired. What's the definition of a will? It's a dead giveaway. The pun, also called paronomasia, is a form of word play which suggests two or more meanings, by exploiting multiple meanings of words, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect. These ambiguities can arise from the intentional use and abuse of homophonic, homographic, metonymic, or metaphorical language. Pun is also defined as a sentence or utterance in which "two different sets of ideas are expressed, and we are confronted with only one series of words". Puns may be regarded as in-jokes or idiomatic constructions, given that their usage and meaning are entirely local to a particular language and its culture.Pun is often considered as low wit. Perhaps the first published reference to the pun as a low form of wit was in the first edition of Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language, published in 1828. Webster defined the pun as "an expression in which a word has at once different meanings; an expression in which two different applications of a word present an odd or ludicrous idea; a kind of quibble or equivocation; a low species of wit But puns are used to create humour and sometimes require a large vocabulary to understand and associative mind. From the Old Testament to the New, biblical heroes and villains (and the authors of biblical texts) have used puns. One of the oldest puns in the world comes from the book of Judges in the Bible, which was written some 3,000 years ago. The tenth chapter of the book of Judges talks of thirty sons, who “rode around on thirty burros and lived in thirty boroughs.” While these words rhyme in English, they were also very similar in the original Hebrew: ayirim for and ‘ayarim for boroughs. The prophet Isaiah once predicted terror, pit, and trap (pahad, wa-pahath, and wa-pah) on those living in the earth. Even Jesus Christ himself used the occasional pun. The name Peter or Cephas also meant “rock,” and Jesus explained of Peter, “upon this rock I will build my church.” Both halves of the Bible use puns, some of which do not translate to English, but all of which were clever in their own language. Puns have long been used by such writers as William Shakespeare, Oscar Wilde.In the following example of pun "Atheism is a non-prophet institution", the word "prophet" is put in place of its homophone "profit", altering the common phrase "non-profit institution. An example which combines homophonic and homographic punning is Douglas Adams's line "You can tune a guitar, but you can't tuna fish. Unless of course, you play bass." The phrase uses the homophonic qualities of "tune a" and "tuna", as well as the homographic pun on "bass", in which ambiguity is reached through the identical spellings of /ˈbeɪs/ (a string instrument), and /ˈbæs/ (a kind of fish). Non-humorous puns were and are a standard rhetorical and poetic device in English literature. Puns and other forms of word play have been used by many famous writers, such as Alexander Pope, James Joyce, Vladimir Nabokov, Robert Bloch, Lewis Carroll, John Donne, and William Shakespeare, who is estimated to have used over 3,000 puns in his plays.Here is an example from Shakespeare's Richard III: "Now is the winter of our discontent made glorious summer by this son of York" (Son/sun) Shakespeare was also noted for his frequent play with less serious puns, the "quibbles" of the sort that made Samuel Johnson complain, "A quibble is to Shakespeare what luminous vapours are to the traveller! He follows it to all adventures; it is sure to lead him out of his way, sure to engulf him in the mire. It has some malignant power over his mind, and its fascinations are irresistible." Elsewhere, Johnson disparagingly referred to punning as "the lowest form of humour". Charles Lamb, a great English essayist, wrote about his perception of pun: “A pun is not bound by the laws which limit nicer wit. It is a pistol let off at the ear; not a feather to tickle the intellect. It is an antic which does not stand upon manners, but comes bounding into the presence, and does not show the less comic for being dragged in sometimes by the head and shoulders. What though it limp a little, or prove defective in one leg--all the better. A pun may easily be too curious and artificial. Who has not at one time or other been at a party of professors (himself perhaps an old offender in that line), where, after ringing a round of the most ingenious conceits, every man contributing his shot, and some there the most expert shooters of the day; after making a poor word run the gauntlet till it is ready to drop; after hunting and winding it through all the possible ambages of similar sounds; after squeezing, and hauling, and tugging at it, till the very milk of it will not yield a drop further--suddenly some obscure, unthought-of fellow in a corner, who was never 'prentice to the trade, whom the company for very pity passed over, as we do by a known poor man when a money subscription is going round, no one calling upon him for his quota--has all at once come out with something so whimsical, yet so pertinent; so brazen in its pretensions, yet so impossible to be denied, so exquisitely good, and so deplorably bad, at the same time--that it has proved a Robin Hood's shot; anything ulterior to that is despaired of; and the party breaks up, unanimously voting it to be the very worst (that is, best) pun of the evening”. (Popular Fallacies IX: That the Worst Puns Are the Best., 1833) A pun depends on playing on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words. The majority of Wilde's puns seem disturbingly true and part of a subtle but scathing satire of Victorian adolescent narrow-mindedness and self centred avoidance, but a few of them, peppered into the rest of the twists and turns of his dialogue, offer a refreshingly modern alternative. Poet John Donne, whose name rhymed with “done,” often punned his name in his own poetry. In one of his hymns, he even puns the name of his wife Anne More, with the line “Thou hast not done, For I have more.” Lewis Carroll’s Mad Hatter asked how a raven is like a writing desk, and answered with “it is nevar put with the wrong end in front!” Obviously, the word “never” here is misspelled in order to appear as “raven” written backwards. In modern literature, from the James Bond series to the Harry Potter books, authors have used puns to entertain some of the more perceptive, clever readers.To-day pun is also often found in the names of shops, pubs, and clubs, to attract public attention. For example: Alexander the Grate(fireplace retailer in Belfast, Northern Ireland), All Cisterns Go(plumbing service in York, England), ArtSea Gallery and Goods(Port Isabel, Texas), Avant-Card (stationery shop in Berkeley, California), Cycloanalysts (bicycle shop in Oxford, England), Julius Cedar (lumberyard in Saskatoon, Canada), Junk & Disorderly (furniture store in Nottingham, England).
Date: 2015-12-24; view: 3074 |