Instead of regular adjectives use substantivized adjectives where possible.

91) Only young people have such moments.

92) The impossible thing has happened.

93) English people like tea.

94) In the trench they met two working wounded persons.

95) A Czech man was waving his hand.

96) Blind people usually have a guide dog.

97) The girls looked wonderful in their national clothes. The Japanese girls were wearing long kimonos and two Indian girls were wearing saris.

98) She was told not to eat sweet things.

99) The quiet state of Nature was wonderfully poignant.

100) A Dutch man started speaking Dutch.

100/_____

UNIT 1 MEANING AND CREATION

1. An adjective is a word that describes a noun (or a pronoun). It tells which one or what kind: funny clowns, the nearest house, the school is new, she is pretty.

Derivationally adjectives may be simple(old, white, dark, blue), compound (two-year old, snow-white, dark-blue) and derived (dishonest, useful, undeliverable).

2. The most common adjectival derivational suffixesthat are added to nounsare:

-less: helpless, useless

-ish: womanish, childish

-like: womanlike, childlike

-al: central, cultural

-ic: patriotic, heroic

-ous: dangerous, courageous

-y: rainy, windy

-en: wooden, woolen

-ish: Polish, Swedish

-ful: careful, doubtful

-ary: elementary, customary

-able/-ible: eatable, convertible

-any/-ent: resistant, different

-ive: active, progressive

-ory: contradictory,satisfactory

from adjectival word-groups:

-ed: blue-eyed, broad-shouldered

3. There are many adjectives that have the same form as participles: his surprising views, the offended man, a tired face.

A few adjectives, however, are differentiated from participles in pronunciation– in adjectives the vowel in the suffix –ed is pronounced while in participles it is not: cf.: crooked (adj) [krukid] – crooked (part) [krukt]. (See also blessed, dogged, wicked, learned, ragged, etc.). A few adjectives are differentiated from participles by taking the –en suffix (cf.: adjectives shaven,drunken,shrunken and participles shaved, drunk, shrunk).

4. The most common adjectival prefixes are negative in meaning:

un- (unhappy),

in- (inable, indifferent) and its variations im- / ir- /il- (immoral, impatient, irregular, illegal),

dis- (dishonest), and

non- (non-essential, nonverbal).

There is a certain uncertainty whether a word should be used with un- or in-. But the general rule is that un- is an English prefix and is easily added to native English words (unfriendly, unbearable,unbroken) and in- is Latin and is usually added to words of Latin origin (illegal, irrelevant, immoral).

Moreover, while un- merely negates what the base word says (unattractive, unfinished, unmarried), in- has more than mere negation (cf.: immoral ‘conflicting with moral principles’ – the word implies active opposition to what is moral, and unmoral ‘not moral, not concerned with morality or ethics’).

The negative prefix dis- implies deprivation, complete lack of something (disable, dishonest, disconnected).

The negative prefix non- has the meaning of ‘not, lacking the usual characteristics of the thing specified’. It is less common than un- and is usually more literal or scientific: nonconvertible, non-infectious, non-native.

The negative suffix a- is added only to words of Greek origin: asexual, amoral (literary use, unmoral or immoral are more common).

Besides adjectival negative prefixes there are also prefixes of:

time and space: pre-, post-, trans- (pre-war, post-war, transatlantic);

hierarchy and priority: sub-, super-, ultra- (subconscious, supernatural, ultra-short).

E x e r c i s e s

Date: 2015-12-24; view: 972