Phonetic drills. Practise reading the words.

Nervous system [‘n :vəs ‘sistim], peripheral [pə‘rifərəl], nerves [‘n :vz], control [kən’tr ul], behavior [bi’heivjə], cranium [‘kreiniəm], spinal [‘spainəl], substances [‘sΛbstənsiz], neurons [‘njuər nz], frontal [‘frΛntəl], parietal [pə‘raiətəl], temporal [‘tempərəl], occipital [ k’sipitəl], cerebellum [,seri‘beləm], column [‘k ləm], balance [‘bæləns], cervical [‘s :vikl; sə‘vaikl], thorasic [θ :’ræsik], lumbar [‘lΛmbə], sacral [‘seikrl], coccygeal [k k’sid3iəl], encephalitis [,ensəfə‘laitis], meningitis [,menin’d3aitis], stroke [str uk], transient [‘trænziənt], ischemic [is’ki:mik], attack [ə‘tæk], tumours [‘tju:məz], polio [‘pəuliəu], paralysis [pə‘ræləsis], etc.

2. Make a report on the central nervous system according to the plan below:

Definition:the part of the nervous system that coordinates the activity of all parts of the body.

Function: to control behaviour.

Structure: the brain and the spinal cord.

Location: the brain: in the cranium (the skull); the spinal cord: in the spinal column

The brain: left and right cerebral hemispheres; grey and white substances; folded surface of the cerebral cortex; 50billion–100 billion neurons; 4 lobes: functions: the frontal lobe: is responsible for thought; the parietal lobe:integration of sensory information; the occipital lobe:sense of sight; the temporal lobe:senses of smell and sound.

The cerebellum: location: at the back; functions: balance and muscle coordination.

The spinal cord:the main pathway for information;

the main function: to connect the brain and peripheral nervous system;

the length: about 45 cm long in men and 43 cm long in women; 3 spinal meninges; 31 (or 25, counting the sacral as one solid piece) spinal cord nerve segments: 8 cervical segments; 12 thoracic segments; 5 lumbar segments; 1 or 5 sacral segments; 1 coccygeal segment.

The most common diseases:encephalitis or inflammation of the brain, meningitis or inflammation of the meninges, stroke or cerebrovascular accident, hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), brain tumours, benign brain tumours, malignant brain tumours, polio or poliomyelitis, paralysis, etc.

3. Self-improvement work. Conversational topic: Stroke. Read and translate the following text, fill in the blanks with the right verb form.

A stroke (to know) _____________________ as cerebrovascular accident (CVA). It (to be) _____ an acute neurologic injury in which the blood supply to a part of the brain (to interrupt) _______________. It (to be) ______ the third leading cause of death and adult disability in the US and industrialized European nations. Of every 5 deaths from stroke, 2 (to occur) _____________ in men and 3 in women.

Risk factors (to include) __________________ advanced age, hypertension (high blood pressure), diabetes mellitus, high cholesterol, and cigarette smoking. Cigarette smoking (to be) ______ the most important risk factor of stroke.

Strokes can (to classify) _____________________ into two major categories: ischemic and hemorrhagic. Ischemic stroke (to occur) _________________ in approximately 85-90% of strokes. In ischemic stroke, a blood vessel (to become) _______________ occluded and the blood supply to part of the brain ______ totally or partially (to block).

Embolic stroke refers to the blockage of arterial access to a part of the brain by an embolus -- a traveling particle or debris in the arterial bloodstream originating from elsewhere. An embolus is most frequently a blood clot, but it can also be a plaque broken off from an atherosclerotic blood vessel or a number of other substances including fat (e.g., from bone marrow in a broken bone), air, and even cancerous cells. Another cause is bacterial emboli released in infectious endocarditis.

A hemorrhagic stroke, or cerebral hemorrhage, (to be) ______ a form of stroke that (to occur) _________ when a blood vessel in the brain (to rupture) _________________or (to bleed) __________. Hemorrhagic strokes (to be) ________ more dangerous than ischemic strokes.

The symptoms of stroke (to depend) _________________ on the type of stroke and the area of the brain affected. Ischemic strokes usually only (to affect) __________ regional areas of the brain. Hemorrhagic strokes can (to affect) _________________ local areas, but often can also (to cause) ____________ more global symptoms due to bleeding and increased intracranial pressure.

Symptoms may (to include) ________________________: muscle weakness or numbness (hemiplegia),

reduction of pain or temperature sensation, reduction in sensory or vibratory sensation

In most cases, the symptoms (to affect) _____________ one side of the body, from the neck downwards, excluding the face. There may (to be) ____________:

• altered smell, taste, hearing, or vision (total or partial)
• drooping of eyelid (ptosis) and weakness of ocular muscles
• decreased reflexes
• decreased sensation and muscle weakness of the face
• balance problems
• altered breathing and heart rate
• inability to turn head to one side
• weakness in tongue (inability to protrude and/or move from side to side)

Strokes also can also (to produce) ____________________ the following symptoms:

• aphasia (inability to speak or understand)
• altered voluntary movements
• disorganized thinking, confusion
• altered vision
• memory deficits

If the cerebellum is involved, the patient may have the following: trouble walking, altered movement coordination, dizziness

Loss of consciousness, headache, and vomiting usually (to occur) ___________ more often in hemorrhagic stroke than in thrombosis.

If the symptoms (to resolve) ___________________ within an hour, or maximum 24 hours, the diagnosis (to be) ________ transient ischemic attack (TIA), and not a stroke. This syndrome may (to be) ______ a warning sign, and a large proportion of patients (to develop) ________________ strokes in the future.

Stroke (to diagnose) _________________ through several techniques: a neurological examination, blood tests, CT scans or MRI scans, Doppler ultrasound, and arteriography.

It (to be) ______ important to identify a stroke as early as possible because patients who (to treat) ________earlier (to have) ______________ better recoveries.

As ischemic stroke (to be) _____ due to a blood clot occluding a cerebral artery, a patient (to give) _______________ antiplatelet medication (aspirin, clopidogrel, dipyridamole), or anticoagulant medication (warfarin

Patients with bleeding into or around the brain (to require) _____________ neurosurgical evaluation to detect and treat the cause of the bleeding.

For most stroke patients, physical therapy (to be) ______ the cornerstone of the rehabilitation process. Often, assistive technology such as a wheelchair and standing frame may (to be) _______ beneficial. Another type of therapy (to be) ______ occupational therapy (OT). OT (to involve) ____________ exercise and training. Speech and language therapy (to be) _____ appropriate for patients with problems understanding speech or written words, or problems forming speech.

Stroke rehabilitation can (to last) ________________ anywhere from a few days to several months. Disability affects 75% of stroke survivors. Stroke can (to affect) _______________ patients physically, mentally, emotionally, or a combination of the three.

Some of the physical disabilities that can (to result) _________ from stroke (to include) ____________ paralysis, numbness, pressure sores, pneumonia, incontinence, difficulties carrying out daily activities, appetite loss, vision loss, and pain. If the stroke (to be) ______ severe enough, coma or death can (to result).

30 to 50% of stroke survivors (to suffer) __________ post stroke depression. Post stroke depression (to characterize) _______________ by lethargy, irritability, and sleep.

Cognitive deficits resulting from stroke (to include) _______________ perceptual disorders, speech problems, dementia, and problems with attention and memory. Up to 10% of all stroke patients (to develop) _______________________ seizures.

Date: 2015-12-24; view: 769