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Kazakhstan in the second half of the XIX c.

The objective of the lecture:Students should know economic and political development of Kazakhstan in the second half of the XIXc., and national uprisings as consequences of the Russian colonial policy.

Outline of the lecture:

1. Administrative reforms in Kazakhstan in 1867-1868.

2. Liberation movement of Kazakh sharua in 60-70-s of XIX c.

 

 

1. The Provisional Statute on the Administration of the Semirechey and Syrdarya Oblast, July 11,1867, and the Provisional Statute on the Administration of Turgai, Akmolinsk, Uralsk, and Semipalatinsk Oblasts, October 21, 1868 were declared.

 

All territory of Kazakhstan was divided into three General-governors. The 1867 and 1868 legislation divided the Kazakh Steppe into six oblasts, each headed by military governor. The Kazakh oblasts in Turkestan – Syrdarya and Semirechey – were under the jurisdiction of the governor-general of Turkestan. Until 1891 there was no general-governor of the steppe, Uralsk and Turgai were under Orenburg governor-general and Akmolinsk and Semipalatinsk were administrated by the governor-general of Western Siberia.

 

The oblast military governors were the commanders of the troops stationed within each territory. Each oblast was divided into uezd headed by Russian officers who were assisted by local Kazakhs, usually drawn from the aristocracy. The uezd were divided into volosts and volosts into administrative auls, with these authorities elected from the Kazakh population. The volost and auls were formed on a territorial principle.

 

Each volost consisted of one or two thousand households, each administrative aul of one or two hundred families.

 

Each volost and uezd was have a native court and a Russian criminal court, in which the the judges of the former would be elected and those of the latter appointed.

 

The cost of this administrative apparatus was to be met by Kazakhs themselves, for which the one ruble seventy-five kopek cart tax was raised to three rubles in four nothern oblasts, and two rubles seventy-five kopeks in Turkestan.

 

The Kazakhs were also subjected to local (zemskii) taxation to maintain post roads, prisons, and schools, as well as to any traditional or religious taxes.

 

The new administration also regulated the religious authorities under the jurisdiction of the ministry of interior. The Kazakhs were limited to one mullah per volost. The volost officials were the only ones with the authority to permit the construction of the either mosques or religios schools. Once built, these structure were under the jurisdiction of the Orenburg muftiate, a subsidiary of the ministry of the interior. This was designed to reduce the growing influence of Islam in Kazakhstan.

 

The Steppe Commision had recommended that the Russians not intervene directly in the religious affairs of the Central Asians, but rather should restrict the spread of Islam. General Kaufman, the first governor-general of Turkestan, was strongly against Christian missionary activities in the steppe.



Although Muslim clergy in the sedentary regions lost power under the new law, the Muslims of Turkestan were able to continue their missionary activities among the Kazakhs of Semirechey and Syrdarya. The Orenburg muftiate also engaged in the active of Islam by funding the construction of legal and iilegal schools and mosques throughout the northern part of the steppe.

 

 

2. News of the Provisional Statutes aroused a strong burst of anti-Russian feelings among the Kazakhs. Uprisings broke out among the Middle Horde, the Small Horde, and Adayev Kazakhs of the Mangyshlak Peninsula.


Date: 2015-12-18; view: 716


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