Home Random Page


CATEGORIES:

BiologyChemistryConstructionCultureEcologyEconomyElectronicsFinanceGeographyHistoryInformaticsLawMathematicsMechanicsMedicineOtherPedagogyPhilosophyPhysicsPolicyPsychologySociologySportTourism






PERIPHRASIS – unit of poetic speech which both describe the names.

It’s usually a descriptive phrase which is used to substitute a conventional name of the thing or person. It shows an individual attitude of the speaker & picks out those features of the object which are relevant for this very context. E.g. Napoleon arrived at the Palace. – The Conquer Of Austria was in high spirits.

P. may be classified into poetic & dead.

Poetic P. are created by individual authors & are understandable only in the context. Poetic P. may be logical & figurative.

· Logical P. are based n a certain prominent feature of the object described. E.g. Instrument of destruction = guns. Taker of lives = murderer.

· Figurative P. is based either on metaphor or metonymy. E.g. young blood = enthusiastic, the undiscovered country = world after death. “I kept still & close to the tree like a hunted peace of nature, willing myself to be the color of bark & leaves & rain.

Dead P. are part of the general vocabulary & are understandable for everyone. E.g. men = strong sex, women = weak sex, policy = guardians of public.

The function of P. is usually to produce a humorous or ironic effect.

 

(16) EUPHEMISM – a variety of Periphrasis, but of a special type; - it’s a word or a phrase which substitutes the other direct name of the object, because the speaker finds it unpleasant.

Eu. can be classified into 3 groups:

1) traditional religious & moral Eu. – they have been more in use & now they are dead. It’s all the notions connected with religion & some aspects of human life. E.g. * to death = to pass away, took expire, to join the silent majority, to depart, to be no more,… * God-Lord, Goodness, Love, Heaven, devil- deuce , Old Nick, Old Harry, hell, the other place, a very comfortable place; * toilet – cloak-room, john.

2) political & medical Eu. They are widely used in Mass Media & political discourse. They are used to hide the unpleasant reality. They are usually misleading(ââîäÿò â çàáëóæä.) E.g. poor people = less-fortuned people, unemployment = building up of labour deserves, patient died = a negative patient care outcome.

3) individual Eu. point by writers & journalists to show an ind. attitude which is usually ironic or humorous. E.g. This is today & adultery is no longer called adultery, but extra-marital(âíå áðàêà) sex.

 

(17) ZEUGMA – a figure of speech which consists minimally of 3 elements: one main element & 2 dependent ones. The dependent el-s form combinations with the main element & there appear incompatible phrases within one sentence. The dependent elements belong to the same part of speech, but to different semantic classes. The main element can be understood in several meanings in the same context.

Word-combinations in Zeugma sound uncommon & illogical, because the word-combinations are based on different grammatical, syntactical & lexical relations. E.g. * Either you or your head must be off. * She possessed two false teeth & a sympathetic heart. * She washed clothes with industry & soap.



With its tendency forward the absurd Zeugma contributes to a humorous effect.

 

(18) PUN(êàëàìáóð) is based upon a simultaneous realization of 2 meanings in the same context.

Pun may be built upon:

1) single polysemantic word E.g. Nowadays we are all of us so hard up, that the only pleasant things to pay are complements. They are the only things we can pay.

2) partial or complete homonyms E.g. lesson, lessen.

However, playful the effect of pun may be in a truly talented work, it’s not only a decoration, but an important device which serves to express the author’s thought.

 


Date: 2015-01-02; view: 1038


<== previous page | next page ==>
EPITHET – attributive characterization of the thing, phenomenon, person. | IRONY is based on a contrast between what is said and what is implied.
doclecture.net - lectures - 2014-2024 year. Copyright infringement or personal data (0.006 sec.)