In conclusion we can conclude

One of the primary conclusions

8. Examples are usually less important, although a key example can help you to remember a main point. Examples are signposted by phrases such as:

for example/instance like

Such as these include

To illustrate among these are

They may also be shown simply by punctuation. For example:

The developing countries are dependent on cash crops -sugar, coffee, cacao, cotton.

Precipitating factors are those which reduce the food supply (droughts, floods, wars, epidemics) . . .

Ø Paraphrasing

Examples:

a. Paul Ekman from the University of California has conducted a long series of experiments on how nonverbal behaviour may reveal real inner states.
Paul Ekman who works at the University of California has performed a sequence of investigations on the way nonverbal behaviour may disclose real internal conditions.

b. Memory is the capacity for storing and retrieving information.
Memory is the facility storing and retrieving for data.

c. It is worth looking at one or two aspects of the way a mother behaves towards her baby.
It is useful to observe several features of how a mother acts when she is with her small child.

Identify the meaning relationships in the text and express them in a different way.

Examples:

a. Besides being a theory about the basis and origin of knowledge and the contents of our minds in general, empiricism is also sometimes a methodology.
Not only is empiricism a theory about the basis and origin of knowledge and the contents of our minds in general, it also sometimes a methodology.

b. As opposed to this, Locke is often supposed to be saying that, in addition to properties, things have a "substratum" which "supports" their properties.
Locke is often supposed to be saying, on the other hand, that, in addition to properties, things have a "substratum" which "supports" their properties.

c. Consequently in a sense one may speak of the Common Law as unwritten law in contrast with Statute Law, which is written law.
In a sense, therefore, one may speak of the Common Law as unwritten law in contrast with Statute Law, which is written law.

§ Change the grammar of the text:

Examples:

I. change nouns to verbs

This rewriting of history was not so much a matter of a new start.
This rewriting of history was not so much a matter of starting again.

Ii. change verbs to nouns

The Normans invaded in 1066.
The Norman invasion took place in 1066.

Iii. change adverbs to adjectives

a. He wrote frequently.
He wrote on frequent occasions.

b. Politically, it was a bad decision.
From a political point of view, it was a bad decision.

Iv. change active verbs to passive

a. We can relate a study of this kind to texts in other media too
A study of this kind can be related to texts in other media too.

b. In this treatment the teacher can use a variety of techniques to elicit the language learners already know.
In this treatment a variety of techniques is used to elicit the language learners already know.

Date: 2015-12-18; view: 1176