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Prefixes and suffixesAs in Mod. E., new OE words could be formed from existing ones with the addition of prefixes or suffixes. Prefixes tend to affect meaning, for instance by reversing or intensifying the application of the original word (e.g. excusable, inexcusable; sound, unsound). Suffixes are used to change one type of word into another: for instance, to create a noun from a verb (e.g. sing, singer), or an adverb from an adjective (e.g. sad, sadly). Common adjective suffixes include: Other common Mod. E. suffixes, such as those in words like devotion, fortitude; generous, generosity; social, sociable, sociability, were adopted later from French or Latin.
25 áèëåò 2 ñóðàê OldEnglish (approx600-1066)
The English language belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family of languages. The history of the English language has traditionally been divided into three main periods: Old English (450-1100 AD), Middle English (1100-circa 1500 AD) and Modern English (since 1500). Over the centuries, the English language has been influenced by a number of other languages. Old English (450 - 1100 AD): During the 5th Century AD three Germanic tribes (Saxons, Angles, and Jutes) came to the British Isles from various parts of northwest Germany. Through the years, the Saxons, Angles and Jutes mixed their different Germanic dialects. This group of dialects forms Old English. The word "English" was in Old English "English", and that comes from the name of the Angles. The Angles were named from Engle, their land of origin. Before the Saxons the language spoken in what is now England was a mixture of Latin and various Celtic languages which were spoken before the Romans came to Britain (54-5BC). The Romans brought Latin to Britain, which was part of the Roman Empire for over 400 years. Many of the words passed on by Roman merchants and soldiers. These include win (wine), candel (candle), belt (belt), weall (wall). The arrival of St. Augustine in 597 and the introduction of Christianity brought more Latin words concerned with the naming of Church dignitaries, ceremonies, church, bishop, baptism, monk. Around 878 AD Danes and Norsemen, also called Vikings, invaded the country Old Norse. Words derived from Norse include: sky, egg, cake, skin, leg, window (wind eye), husband,fellow, skill, anger, flat, odd, ugly, get, give, take, raise, call, die, they, their, them. Several written works have survived from the Old English period. The most famous is a heroic epic poem called "Beowulf". its length - 3,183 lines. Experts say "Beowulf" was written in Britain more than one thousand years ago. The name of the person who wrote it is unknown. Middle English (1100-circa 1500 AD): After William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, invaded England in 1066 AD, he brought his nobles, who spoke French, to be the new government. The Old French took over as the language of the court, administration, and culture. The English language, as the language of the now lower class, was considered a vulgar tongue. By about 1200, England and France had split. English changed a lot. The use of Old English came back, but with many French words added. This language is called Middle English. Because the English underclass cooked for the Norman upper class, the words for most domestic animals are English (ox, cow, calf, sheep, swine, deer) while the words for the meats derived from them are French (beef, veal, mutton, pork, bacon, venison). The Middle English is also characterized for the beginning of the Great Vowel Shift. the long vowels shifted upwards; that is, a vowel that used to be pronounced in one place in the mouth would be pronounced in a different place, higher up in the mouth. The Great Vowel Shift occurred during the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries. The most famous example of Middle English is Chaucer's "The Canterbury Tales", a collection of stories about a group of thirty people who travel as pilgrims to Canterbury, England. Modern English (1500 to the present): developed after William Caxton established his printing press at Westminster Abbey in 1476. The Bible and some valuable manuscripts were printed. The invention of the printing press made books available to more people. The books became cheaper and more people learned to read. Printing also brought standardization to English. By the time of Shakespeare's writings (1592-1616), the language had become clearly recognizable as Modern English. There were three big developments in the world at the beginning of Modern English period: the Renaissance, the Industrial Revolution, and the British Colonialism. It was during the English Renaissance that most of the words from Greek and Latin entered English. (early 16th century to the early 17th century) "the age of Shakespeare" "the Elizabethan era". England began the Industrial Revolution (18th century) New technical words were added to the vocabulary as inventors designed various products and machinery. (trains, engine, pulleys, combustion, electricity, telephone,telegraph, camera etc). English continues to change and develop, with hundreds of new words arriving every year. But even with all the borrowings from many other languages the heart of the English language remains the Anglo-Saxon of Old English. The grammar of English is also distinctly Germanic - three genders (he, she and it) and a simple set of verb tenses.
25 áèëåò. 3 ñóðàê The Ormulum or Orrmulum is a twelfth-century work of biblical explanation, written by a monk named Orm (or Ormin) and consisting of just under 19,000 lines of earlyMiddle English . the work preserves many details of English pronunciation existing at that time. Consequently, it is invaluable to philologistsin tracing the development of the language. Orm developed an idiosyncratic spelling system to guide his readers in the pronunciation of the vowels. He used a strict poetic metre to ensure that readers know which syllables are to be stressed. Modern scholars use these two features to reconstruct Middle English as Orm spoke it. Orm's book has a number of innovations that make it valuable. John Wycliffe 1330 -1384 John Wycliffe was a theologian, philosopher, translator. John Wycliffe produced some of the first hand written English translations of the Bible. He is seen by many as the precursor for the later reformation of Martin Luther. John Wycliffe was born in the Yorkshire. His family were of Saxon origins. As a young man he moved to Oxford to study natural science, mathematics and theology. Wycliffe was most interested in theology and studying scripture. The church sought to destroy the English versions of his bible, but the fact that so many copies survived suggest, that under his leadership, the movement to distribute the Bible in English was quite successful. Attacks against Wycliffe continued until his death. Àôòåð retiring to Lutterworth, Wycliffe suffered a stroke died. Wycliffe had left a profound mark on English and European thought. He had challenged the authority of the church and pope, laying the foundation for the future reformation, which would reject the Papacy and promote the Bible. Also, his work to make an English version of the bible available was a critical moment in English Christianity. Birth First known literary works Official employment and further literary works he died in 1400 (60). He was buried in Westminster Abbey. The Canterbury Tales consists of the stories related by the 29 pilgrims on their way to Saint Thomas Becket’s shrine in Canterbury. but Chaucer only completed twenty-three tales. Out of these, the Cook’s and the Squire’s tales are unfinished. The Knight tells the first tale. The Knight’s Tale describes how two men fall in love with the same woman named Emily whom they first see out of their prison window. Emily is the niece of King Theseus. One breaks out of prison. their quarrel about Emily. The Cook’s Tale is an unfinished fragment and deals with the story of an apprentice cook named Perkin who loses his job because of his loose habits.
Date: 2015-12-18; view: 736
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