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PARTICIPLE I AND GERUND COMPARED

THE PARTICIPLE

Piloting 2010-2011

PARTICIPLE

       
   


Participle I Participle II

verbal + adjectival + adverbial features verbal + adjectival features

Seeing Petra, David smiled. That was the main question asked.

 

PARTICIPLE I

Verbal features Adjectival features Adverbial features
1. Category of voice, e.g. · The mother was taking her son to school when she was attacked by the kidnapper. (Active Voice) · The boy was being taken to school, when he was kidnapped. (Passive Voice) 2. Category of correlation, e.g. · Writing essays I use dictionaries a lot. (Non-Perfect) · Having written the essay I began editing it. (Perfect) 3. Combinability with direct, indirect and prepositional object, e.g. · Reading books, he forgot about everything. (direct object) · Looking at the boy, the nurse was whispering something. (prepositional object) 4. Can be modified by an adverb, e.g. Having eaten (how?) hurriedly, John sat down to business. Function as an attribute, · Everybody looked at the laughing man. · I was woken up by the rain pattering on the roof. Function as an adverbial modifier, Having parked his car, David looked at his watch. (adv. mod of time)

 

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF PARTICIPLE I

Correlation/Voice Active Passive
Non-Perfect · Addle spent a lot of time writing letters to her friends. · Translating from English into Russian, the translator should know both languages very well. · Being written in pencil the letter was difficult to read. · Being translated into many languages, this novel is known in many countries of the world.
Perfect · Having written the letter, Adel dressed and went to the post office. · Having translated the novel into English, the translator took it to the editor. · Having been written in haste, Adel’s letter had many mistakes. · Having been translated many years ago, the novel is unlikely to be published in this version.

Notes:

1. Though participle I and gerund coincide in form, they differ in functions.

2. Non-perfect participle may denote a second action that follows immediately after the first one, forming its part or being its result,

e.g. Steven fell from the stairs, hurting his knee. The secretary left, carefully closing the door behind her.

 

PARTICIPLE I AND GERUND COMPARED

CHARACTERISTICS PARTICIPLE I GERUND
1. Grammatical categories of voice and correlation (coincide) taking / being taken having taken / having been taken taking / being taken having taken / having been taken
2. The function of subject ----- Seeing is believing
3. Part of simple verbal predicate The managers are still discussing this problem. -----
4. The function of predicative The story is amusing. She remained standing. Peter’s hobby is fishing. Their aim was winning at all costs.
5. Part of a compound verbal aspect predicate   ------ As the teacher came into the classroom everybody stopped talking.
6. The function of object ------ I appreciate your helping me.
7. The function of attribute Let sleeping dogs lie. There was a danger of catching a cold. (always preceded by a preposition)
8. The function of an adverbial modifier 1. time: He felt horrible while saying these words. 2. reason: Being naïve, she did not understand Kit. 3. attendant circumstances: I laughed and still laughing went away. 4. manner:He came in limping. 5. comparison: As though sleeping, she kept her eyes closed. 6. concession:Though working slowly, she finished her project in time. 7. condition:Going at this speed, we’ll not come in time. 1. time: On coming to his room, he found a note on the table. 2. reason:I couldn’t sleep for worrying. 3. manner/ attendant circumstances: She left without looking at me. 4. concession: In spite of being blind, he understood her intention. 5. condition: But for meeting John, I wouldn’t have known it. 6. purpose: The police took Fred to the station for questioning. 7. comparison: Telling the truth is always better than lying. 8. exception: Your English is good apart from spelling.
9. Use of prepositions before the verbal   ------ · On coming home, Diana called Steve at once. · He apologized forletting me down.
10. Use of conjunctions (difficult to distinguish) When reading Stuart always uses glasses. For Sandra it was worse knowing the truth than being in the dark.
11. Modified by a noun in the possessive case or a pronoun   ------ Do you mind my closing the window? Are there any objections to Peter’s seeing her?
12. Modified by an adverb Reading hurriedly John didn’t notice several facts. John enjoys reading slowly and thoroughly.
13. Part of Complex Object Jeff saw the girl skating in the rink. -----
14. Part of Complex Subject She was heard playing the piano. -----
15. Parenthesis · Strictly speaking…; · Taking everything into consideration… · Judging from what you say… -----

 



TASK 1. Decide if the statements given below are true or false.

1. Participle I combines nominal, adjectival and verbal characteristics.

2. Participles have no category of mood.

3. Participle I and gerund coincide in form and in functions.

4. Participle I can be used as part of simple verbal predicate.

5. ‘Being educated in Oxford, Brian had advantages over other candidates.’ The form of the Participle used in this sentence is perfect active.

6. Unlike gerund participle can be modified by an adverb.

7. ‘Having been given the money the boy rushed to buy sweets.’ The form of the participle used in this sentence is perfect passive.

8. Like gerund participle I can be preceded and followed by prepositions.

9. Like gerund participle I can be used in the function of the subject.

10. ‘Paul remembered posting the letter.’ The form of the participle used in this sentence is non-perfect active.

 

TASK 2. Define the form of the participle I in the sentences below. Use the following abbreviations:


NPA –non-perfect active

NPP – non-perfect passive

PA – perfect active


Date: 2015-12-18; view: 1945


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