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SYLLABIC CONSONANTS

STRESS

1. A stressedsyllable is one that carries a rhythmic beat. It is marked by greater loudness than unstressed syllables, and often by pitch prominence, or greater duration, or more clearly vowel qualities.

2. An accentis the placement of intonational pitch-prominence (= higher or lower pitch than the surroundings) on a word. Speakers choose to accent certain word (or to de-accent others) because of the particular meaning they wish to convey in a particular situation. Accents can be located only on stressed syllables.

3. The stresses marked in LPD are lexical(= potential) stresses. Whether they are realized as accents depends on intonation.

4. LPD recognizes two levels of stress:

 

primarystress (') When a word is said in isolation, this is where the nuclear

tone (= sentence accent) goes. A word or phrase has only

primary stress.

secondarystress (ˌ) In a word or phrase that potentially has more than one

stress, this symbol marks the place of a stress other than

the primary one. If this syllable is beforethe primary

stress, it may also bear an accent. See STRESS SHIFT.

 

5. In the first edition of LPD, a distraction was made between secondary (ˈ) and tertiary (.) stress. In this second edition the distinction has been abandoned. We continue to regard as unstressed the STRONG-vowelled syllables at the end of words such as hesitate

6. If the primary stress is located on the third or later syllable of a word, then there must also be a secondary stress on one or other of the first two syllables.

 

SYLLABLES

 

1. In phonetics, a syllable is a group of sounds that are pronounced together. Every English word consists of one or more complete syllables.

gladconsists of one syllable:

comingconsists of two syllables:

So does valley:

tobaccoconsists of three syllables:

 

Each syllable contains exactly one vowel. This vowel may be preceded or followed by one or more consonants. The vowel itself may be a short vowel, a long vowel, or a diphthong; if it is the weak vowel ә, it may be combined with a nasal or liquid to give a SYLLABIC CONSONANT.

 

2. Phonetic(spoken) syllables must not be confused with orthographic(written)

syllables. An orthographic syllable is a group of letters in spelling. When a word is split across two lines of writing, it should be broken at an orthographic syllable boundary. (Word processors do this automatically with a hyphenationprogram.) In some cases an orthographic boundary may not correspond exactly to a phonetic syllable boundary. For example, in the word happenthe spelling includes two ps, and the orthographic syllabification is hap.pen.

3. LPD shows the phonetic syllabification of words by putting spaces between successive syllables.

 

SYLLABIC CONSONANTS

 

1. Most syllables contain an obvious vowel sound. Sometimes, thought, a syllable

consists phonetically only of a consonant or consonants. If so, this consonant



(or one of them) is nasal (usually n) or liquid (l or especially in AmE, r). For

example, in the usual pronunciation of suddenly , the second syllable consists

of n alone. Such a consonant is a syllabic consonant.

 

2. Instead of a syllabic consonant it is always possible to pronounce a vowel ә plus an ordinary (non-syllabic) consonant.

3. Likely syllable consonants are shown in LPD with the symbol ә, thus suddenlyLPD’s regular principleis that a raised symbol indicates a sound whose inclusion LPD does not recommend. Nence this notation implies that LPD prefers bare nin the second syllable. Since there is then no proper vowel in this syllable, the nmust be syllabic.

 

4. Similarly, in middle LPD recommends a pronunciation with syllabic l. In fatherLPD recommends for AmE a pronunciation with syllabic r.

 

5. The IPA provides a special diacritic [ˌ] to show syllabicity. If syllabification is not shown in a transcription, then syllabic consonants need to be shown explicitly, thus n. For the syllabic rof AmE, the special symbol ә is sometimes used. Because LPD uses spaces to show syllabification, it does not need these conventions. Any nasal or liquid in which there is no other vowel must automatically be syllabic.

 

6. Syllabic consonants are also sometimes used where LPD shows italic ә plus a nasal or liquid, thus distant. (In some varieties of English or styles of speech, a syllabic consonant may in fact arise from almost any sequence of ә and a nasal or liquid.)

 

7. When followed by a weak vowel, a syllabic consonant may lose its syllabic quality, becoming a plain non-syllabic consonant: see COMPRESSION. For example, threateningmay be pronounced with three syllables, including syllabic n; or compressed into two syllables, with plain n .

 

T-VOICING

1. For most Americans and Canadians the phoneme t sometimes pronounced as a voiced sound. Where this is the usual AmE pronunciation it is shown in LPD by symbol t̬ .

 

2. Phonetically, t̬ is voiced alveolar tap (flap). It sounds like a quick English d, and also like the r of some languages. For many Americans, it is actually identical with their d in the same environment, so that AmE shuttermay sound just the same as shudder .

 

3. Learners of English as foreign language who take AmE as their model are encouraged to use t̬ where appropriate.

 

4. After n, AmE t̬ can optionally be ELIDED. Accordingly, it is shown in LPD in italics, as t̬ . Thus AmE wintercan sound exactly the same as winner .Some Americans, thought, consider this pronunciation incorrect.

 

5. In connected speech, t at the end of a wordmay change to t̬ if boththe following conditions apply:

· the sound before the t is a vowel sound or r

· the next word begins with a vowel sound and follows without a pause.

Thus in AmE rightmay be pronounced in the phrases right away, right out

But in right nowno is possible; nor in left over.

 

6. Under the same conditions, if the sound before a t at the end of a word is n, the t may change to t̬ (and therefore possibly disappear): paint, but paint it. Again, some people consider this incorrect.

 

 

TSpelling-to-sound

 

1. Where the spelling is t, the pronunciation is regularly t, as tent.

Less frequently, it is regularly

ʧ, as in nature ˈneɪtʃә

ʃ, as in nation

tmay also be part of the diagraph th

2. In AmE, t has the variantin certain position. This is shown explicitly in the LPD transcriptions, for example atom.


Date: 2015-12-18; view: 1496


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