Read the passage to find the answers to the questions below. While reading, do not worry about anything except the answers you need to find.

1) How do scientists coordinate research?

2) When do scientists usually get an opportunity to share and
exchange opinions and information?

3) What are the benefits of informal contacts?

4) What are the aims of laboratory and institute colloquiums?

5) What opportunities does a laboratory colloquium provide?

Communication in science is vital for its successful and orderly development. Among the principal goals of scientific communication are: to discuss urgent issues and to continue a scientific dialogue on long-established problems, as well as to streamline further collaborative effort and to outline new directions in this process. This may be successfully achieved by bringing together science students at open international forums, giving them full opportunities to address their needs.

Scientific gatherings play an important part in coordinating research. National and international conferences and symposia in all fields of science and the humanities are held regularly all over the world. Plenary sessions and section meetings, seminars and workshops give scientists an opportunity to share information and ex­change opinions, to verify their scientific ideas, and to advocate their views. The participants present their papers and listen to papers and reports read by others on the latest de­velopments and the state of the art in their field. They can take part in the discussions that follow and express their viewpoints. Poster presentations have also become a popular and efficient means of scientific interaction.

No less important for the participants are informal contacts with their colleagues from other research centres, when a scien­tist can unhurriedly discuss a problem in question with an expert in his field, argue with his scientific opponent, find out the details of some experimental procedure. An excellent opportunity for personal contacts is provided by social events.

Another type of a scientific meeting is the laboratory or institute colloquium where members of the staff and guest spea­kers make reviews of the developments in the field and report the progress of their research. Their successes and failures are thoroughly discussed. The speakers expect criticism or approval, advice and help. The colloquium gives an opportunity to evaluate the place and importance of one's effort in science, it improves the capacity to criticize one's own work, admit error and res­pect the point of view of others. It provides a personal exchange of views which is essential for any science student.

NOTES

to hold a conference: to organize /to convene a meeting for interchanging views;

a symposium(pl symposia): a conference at which a particular topic is dis­cussed by various speakers;

a seminar: a discussion group on any particular subject;

a workshop: a seminar emphasizing exchange of ideas and prac­tical methods;

a colloquium: a meeting for discussion;

an event: an item in a program of a scientific gathering;

a scientific program includes events such as plenary ses­sions, section meetings, seminars, workshops, round-table talks, etc.;

a social program includes the following events: dinners, banquets, receptions, excursions, tours, etc.;

the state of the art: the level or position at a given time, es­pecially at present, of generally accepted and available know­ledge, technical achievement in a particular field;

the humanities: the branches of learning concerned with lite­rature, history, philosophy, etc.

developments – the act, process or result of developing (розробки);

failure– inability to perform a duty or expected action; lack of success;

a science student– one who studies science, a scientist;

thorough – exhaustive, complete, with full detail;

means(sing a means) – something useful or helpful to a desired end

1.2. a) What parts of speech are the words given in brackets? Note the stress in the words marked by *.

VERBS

to coordinate (coordination) to express (expression, expressively)

to share (a share) to exchange (an exchange, to change)

to verify (verification) to advocate (an advocate)

to follow (a follower, the following) to arguer (an argument, argumentation)

to evaluate (an evaluation, value) to improve (improvement)

to criticize (criticism, critical) to admit (admission)

to respect (respect, respectively) to present (a present*, presentation, present*)

NOUNS

gathering (to gather) event (eventful, uneventful)

humanities (human, humane) workshop

opportunity (an opportunist) opinion

view (to view, to review, a review) participant (to participate, participation)

success (successful, successfully) failure (to fail)

approval (to approve) effort (effortless)

capacity (capable, to incapacitate) expert (expertly)

ADJECTIVES

national (nation, nationally, nationality) plenary

important (importance, importantly) informal (form, formal, formality)

personal (a person, personally, impersonal) social (society, socially, socialism)

essential (essence, essentially, unessential) unhurried (a hurry, to hurry, unhurriedly)

thorough (thoroughly) regular (a regularity, regularly, irregular)

b) For each of the vocabulary items listed above make your own phra­ses, using the text and your experience. Group them according to the following patterns and give their Ukrainian equivalents.

a) V + N; b) N + N; c) N + prep + N; d) Adj + N.

Date: 2015-12-18; view: 786