Ex. 1. Answer the questions.

I. VOCABULARY

notice n — warning, announcement.

•The union was to give 28 days' notice of indefinite strikes.

— notification of the termination of an agreement or contract at a specified time. To give notice.

•He had received orders that morning to give her notice.

— attention.

to attract notice — to draw attention,

to bring to someone's notice — to make aware, to inform,

to take no notice — to pay no attention,

to escape notice — to fail to recognize or realize.

notice v — perceive.

•She noticed him scratching his head.

— to make mention of, to remark on.

•He noticed that he had a meeting at that time.

conquer v — to gain by force of arms.

•Britain was conquered by the Romans in 43 AD.

— to overcome, to master.

•She tried to conquer her feeling of nervousness.

conquest n — victory, an act of conquering.

•He has read a lot of books about the Norman Conquest.

invade v — to enter for conquest or plunder.

•While King Harold was in the north William thought this would be a good chance to invade England.

— to overrun.

•The town was being invaded by the reporters offering money to anyone who bad seen the plane crash.

invasion n — entry of an army into a country for conquest or plunder.

•… The Roman invasion of England.

— the arrival of someone or something in a place where they are not wanted.

•The girl was annoyed at my invasion.

invader n — a soldier invading a country.

•They were cruel invaders.

— a country or an army that is about to invade another country.

•It will be no easy task to repel an invader.

maintain v — to keep in an existing state, to preserve.

•For the twenty-five years they had failed to maintain law and order.

— to keep up, to sustain.

•One has to maintain the temperature at a very high level.

— to provide with money, to support.

•I need the money to maintain me for the next month until I start a job.

— to assert, to claim.

•The police maintained he acted alone.

— to run, to keep in good condition.

•… the ever rising costs of maintaining the equipment.

maintenance n — the activity of keeping something in good condition.

•He was responsible for the maintenance of the building.

— preservation.

•…the maintenance of an effective income policy.

rebel n ['rebel] — one that rebels against authority, fighter, insurgent.

•Sources said that rebels had made regular attacks on the railways.

rebel v [ri'bel] — to resist the authority of one’s government.

•…the Duke of Monmouth, who rebelled against his uncle James II in 1685.

rebellion n — resistance to authority, especially open defiance of established government through uprising or revolt.

•He faces open rebellion from the left wing of his party.

contemplate v — to think in a deep and careful way for a long time.

•He sat there and contemplated.

— to contemplate a something — to think about, to intend.

•He had never contemplated selling his house.

— to look in a quiet and a very thoughtful way.

•She lay back on the grass to contemplate the high, blue sky.

contemplationn

•It was no time for contemplation.

secure v — to get something after a lot of effort, to obtain.

•He secured only 526 votes.

— to make safe from attack, harm or loss, to guard.

•They secured the bridge from the threat of further attack.

— to fasten firmly.

•A plastic box was secured to the wall by screws.

secure adj — safe, certain, sure.

•You've got a secure job.

to feel secure — to feel sure, confident.

•Boys grow up secure in the knowledge that they can go anywhere they want .

•Secure base or foundation is strong and reliable and solid.

•You need a secure base for the business.

security n — precautions taken to protect a country from spying, to protect people from being attacked, to prevent prisoners from escaping etc.

•… the minister responsible for national security.

—safety from possible harm or loss.

•We are all concerned for the security of the passengers on the aircraft.

— something valuable which you promise to give a person who lends you money, if you do not pay the money back in the proper time.

•The bank may ask for security if you want an overdraft.

evidence n — an outward sign, indication.

•In China we saw evidence everywhere that a real effort was made to promote tourism.

— proof, testimony.

•The photograph was a part of evidence in this case.

refuge n — shelter or protection from danger or distress.

•He seeks refuge in silence.

— a place where you can go for safety or protection.

•A small cave was the only refuge from the cold.

to take refuge — to find safety and protection.

•The family took refuge in the forest.

refugee n.

One who flees for safety, especially to a foreign country.

•…500 refugees from the war gone.

assure v — to ensure, persuade in order to make somebody feel less worried about something.

•Kurt assured me that he was an excellent climber.

— to give confidence.

•One can always be assured of the best in Nellie's place.

— to state confidently, to guarantee, to ensure.

•The film had assured him a place in movie history.

— to make certain the statement of something.

•I can assure you that this feeling will soon pass.

increase, v [in'kri:s] — to become bigger in number, size or amount; to grow.

•The population of the island increased twice.

increasen ['inkri:s] — a rise in number or amount.

•At the meeting they demanded a sharp increase in wages.

increasingly adj — more and more.

•It was becoming increasingly difficult to find a suitable job.

digest v [di'dgest] — to think over and arrange in the mind.

•The report contains too much to digest.

— to convert food into a form that can be absorbed.

•I cannot digest food or eggs.

digest n ['daidgəst] — a collection of things that have been written, which are put together and published again in a more concise form.

•Yesterday I bought a copy of Reader’s Digest.

succeed v — to have a result that is intended, to work in a satisfactory way.

•Our plans succeeded.

— to follow next in order or next after some other person or thing.

•Elizabeth succeeded to the throne in 1952.

•During the succeeding weeks the situation became more serious.

~ in — to attain a desired object or end; to manage to do.

•I succeeded in getting the job.

succesn — satisfactory completion of something, achievement.

•His attempt to shoot the president came very close to success.

to reach (gain) success — to achieve something.

— the gaining of wealth and fame.

•Confidence is a key to success.

— a person or thing that succeeds.

•His speech was a success.

successful adj — victorious, popular.

•… a very successful film.

— prosperous.

•Men are still under strong pressure to be successful and competitive.

succession n of — a number of things coming one after another; string.

•The holiday was spoiled by a succession of rainy days.

~ to — an act, process or right being the next person to bear an important job or position.

•… his succession to the peerage.

in succession —running for a number of days, weeks, years, etc. without a break.

•They won the European cup three years in succession.

successiveadj — coming one after another without a break; consecutive.

•We have had three successive years of low rainfall.

successorn — someone who comes directly after and takes the place of another person or thing, especially in an important job or position.

•He appointed me to be his successor.

sack v — dismiss, fire.

•He was sacked because he had three accidents in one month.

to get the sack — to be dismissed, to get the push.

— to plunder a captured town or territory.

•Constantinople was sacked by the Greeks in 1453.

contribute v — to give money in order to help someone to pay for something, to donate.

•Pat persuaded her friends to contribute £5000 to launch a public appeal.

— to do or say things that help to make something successful, to supply or furnish a share, to help, to assist.

•The children enthusiastically contributed ideas.

~ to — to influence.

•Advanced technology has contributed to the growth of cities.

to contribute to a magazine, book, etc. — to write articles, poems, etc. that are published in it.

•…distinguished writers who contributed to cheap periodicals.

contribution n — gift, donation.

•The UK had to make a contribution to the EEC budget.

— help, assistance.

•His contribution to the process of negotiations is great.

— an article, poem, story, etc. that you write published in a book or a magazine.

•… a terrific output of books and magazines with contributions from well-known trade unionists.

— an act of contributing.

•The contribution of a sum of money was the Chairman's suggestions.

II. COMPREHENSION

Ex. 1. Answer the questions.

1. Why did Britain attract the notice of the Romans?

2. What were Ceasar's motives for invading Britain?

3. For what reasons was the conquest of Britain hardly possible in 55 B.C.?

4. What were the character and the outcome of Ceasar's two invasions made in the summer of 55 B.C.?

5. What date is considered to be the beginning of the actual conquest of Britain?

6. What were the signs of the economic penetration following the conquest?

7. Was there any strong opposition to the Roman rule? How can you account for the ease with which the country was conquered?

8. What was the military part of Roman Britain like?

9. Why did it undergo little change under the Roman occupation?

10. In what way did the Roman civilization influence the life of people in towns?

11. What can be said about the Roman influence in agriculture?

12. What was the Roman heritage and the effects of the Roman influence on the British Isles?

Date: 2015-12-18; view: 1246