triphthongs appeared: [aiə], [auə] (e.g. shower [‘∫auə], shire [‘∫aiə]).

20) Iceland’s first history is connected with ancient monument called: ELDER EDDA (also called the POETIC EDDA) — a collection of heroic songs of the 12th c, the YOUNGER (PROSE) EDDA (a text-book for poets compiled by Snorri Sturluson in the early 13th c.) and the Old Icelandic sagas.; The street wall mill.

21) ME vowel change: In the ME period a great change affected the entire system of vowel phonemes. OE had both short and long vowel phonemes, and each of these could occur in any phonetics environment, that is, they were absolutely independent phonemic units. But in the 10^th—12^th centuries, the ME vowel system was basically different.; ‘ That they become more narrow and front.’

Shortening - a long vowel occurring before 2 consonants (including a doubled, i.e. long, consonants) is shortened. The vowels are shortened before 2 consonants, but remain long in other environments. However, long vowels remain long before the ‘lengthening’ consonant groups ld, nd, mb, i.e. those consisting of 2 voiced consonants articulated by the same organ speech. Long consonants also remained long before such consonant clusters as belonged to the following syllable. This mainly affects the group –st.

Lengthening – short vowels were lengthened in open syllables. This was another item of the development which deprived quantity of its status as a phonetic feature. It affected the short vowels a, e, o. The narrow vowels I and u remained as a rule unaffected by this change, and thus the difference between short I and long and also that between short u and long u retained its quality as a phonemically relevant feature.

Monophthongization of OE Diphthongs – all OE diphthongs were monophthongized in ME. OE short ea became a passing through the stage of ᵫ, as in eald – ald ‘old’, healf – half.

22) The most important OE dialects were: The four main dialectal forms of Old English were Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish, and West Saxon (The Germanic dialects).

23) Latin borrowings of the 3^rd period are called: classical borrowings

24) Main OE phonetic change: ablaut, umlaut (Fixed stress fell of the first root syllable)

25) OE consonant changes are the following: Grimm’s Law or First Consonant Shift, Verner’s Law ; (Were few, some of the modern sounds were not existed (sh, dj, ch, d, jj), the quality of consonants very much depended on its position in the word especially the resonans)

26) ME consonant changes are: Appearance of new consonant system of English phonemes- (j, dj, ch) certain consonants disappeared (r); the fricative consonants (s, o) were voiced after unstressed vowels or in words having no sentence stress- Verner’s law in New English .

27) The home of Germanic tribes was: Scandinavia

28) Sibilants during ME appeared on the basis of: the phonetic assimilation of lexical borrowings; (Borrowing words)

29) Main borrowings that we can single out in OE were: The main borrowings that we can single out in Old English were Latin and Celtic borrowings

30) Borrowings OE- latin, celtic

ME-Scandinavian, French

NE-early-spanish

NE- late- German, Indian, Chinese, Australian, Russian

Date: 2015-12-18; view: 1076