1. In the age of television, the images of candidates are more important than issues. At the beginning of the 1988 presidential campaign, Bush was seen as awkward, wimpish, maladroit, goofy and lacking charisma, whereas Dukakis was characterized as competent, soulless, reserved, tough and hard. How did the image-makers remodel their candidates to make them appear more likeable and appealing to a vast TV audience?
2. How useful then are televised presidential debates?
3. The quotation from Arthur Miller's Death of Salesman underlines the American belief that being well-liked is an important key to success. Do you share this view?
4. To what extent do you think the likability ■ factor decides elections in your country?
Comment
Dilemmas
1. Which cases mentioned in the opinion poll did the respondents find the most objectionable and which the least objectionable? How do you account for the results of this opinion poll?
2. If you were an editor, how would you react in each of the situations described?
3. Do you know any similar cases that actually happened in the U.S.A., any other country or your own country?
278 AMERICA IN CLOSE-UP
Some Facts about the States
Date of
Area
Land
Population
Cities
State
admission
Capital
(sq. mi.)
area
(1982est.)
Density1
100,000+
1 Delaware
Dover
2,057
1,982
602,000
_____
2 Pennsylvania
Harrisburg
45,333
44,966
11,865,000
3 New Jersey
Trenton
7,836
7,521
7,438,000
4 Georgia
Atlanta
58,876
58,073
5,639,000
5 Connecticut
Hartford
5,009
4,862
3,153,000
6 Massachusetts
Boston
8,257
7,826
5,781,000
7 Maryland
Annapolis
10,577
9,891
4,265,000
8 South Carolina
Columbia
31,055
30,255
3,203,000
—
9 New Hampshire
Concord
9,304
9,027
951,000
—
10 Virginia
Richmond
40,817
39,780
5,491,000
11 New York
Albany
49,576
47,831
17,659,000
12 North Carolina
Raleigh
52,586
48,798
6,019,000
13 Rhode Island
Providence
1,214
1,049
958,000
14 Vermont
Montpelier
9,609
9,267
516,000
—
15 Kentucky
Frankfort
40,395
39,650
3,667,000
16 Tennessee
Nashville
42,244
41,328
4,651,000
17 Ohio
Columbus
41,222
40,975
10,791,000
18 Louisiana
Baton Rouge
48,523
44,930
4,362,000
19 Indiana
Indianapolis
36,291
36,097
5,471,000
20 Mississippi
Jackson
47,716
47,296
2,551,000
21 Illinois
Springfield
56,400
55,748
11,448,000
22 Alabama
Montgomery
51,609
50,708
3,943,000
23 Maine
Augusta
33,215
30,920
1,133,000
—
24 Missouri
Jefferson City
69,686
68,995
4,951,000
25 Arkansas
Little Rock
53,104
51,945
2,291,000
26 Michigan
Lansing
58,216
56,817
9,109,000
27 Florida
Tallahassee
58,560
54,090
10,416,000
28 Texas
Austin
267,338
262,134
15,280,000
29 Iowa
Des Moines
56,290
55,941
2,905,000
30 Wisconsin
Madison
56,154
54,464
4,765,000
31 California
Sacramento
158,693
156,361
24,724,000
32 Minnesota
St. Paul
84,068
79,289
4,133,000
33 Oregon
Salem
96,981
96,184
2,649,000
34 Kansas
Topeka
82,264
81,787
2,408,000
35 West Virginia
Charleston
24,181
24,070
1,948,000
—
36 Nevada
Carson City
110,540
109,889
881,000
37 Nebraska
Lincoln
77,227
76,483
1,585,000
38 Colorado
Denver
104,247
103,766
3,045,000
39 North Dakota
Bismarck
70,665
69,273
670,000
—
40 South Dakota
Pierre
77,047
75,955
691,000
_
41 Montana
Helena
147,138
145,587
801,000
—
42 Washington
Olympia
68,192
66,570
4,245,000
43 Idaho
Boise
83,577
82,677
965,000
44 Wyoming
Cheyenne
97,914
97,203
502,000
—
45 Utah
Salt Lake City
84,916
82,096
1,554,000
46 Oklahoma
Oklahoma City
69,919
68,782
3,177,000
47 New Mexico
Santa Fe
121,666
121,412
1,359,000
48 Arizona
Phoenix
113,909
113,417
2,860,000
49 Alaska
Juneau
589,757
569,600
438,000
50 Hawaii
Honolulu
6,450
6,425
994,000
Dist. of Columbia
Washington
631,000
10,016
Puerto Rico
San Juan
3,435
3,421
3,261,000
Guam
Agana
111,000
—
American Samoa
Fagotogo
34,000
-
Virgin Islands
Charlotte Amalie
102,000
—
'Density: persons per square mile of land area
PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES 279
Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the United States
Constitution 222 amendment I 220 amendment II 106 amendment VIII 107 amendment XIII 112 American culture 184 American dream 18, 29,
32, 35, 217 American Independent
Party 148 American Indian
Movement 7 75 Americanization 46, 185 American Medical
Association 746 A Nation at Risk 192 antebellum South 57 anti-Communism 774, 181 anti-feminism 737 architecture 50, 87, 93 Arizona 46 arms control 762, 276 Armstrong, Louis 229 arts 225
career woman 233, 236 Carnegie, Andrew 64 car racing 247 Carter, Jimmy 262, 776,
Catholic bishops 218 Catholic Church 272, 278 Catholicism 22 2, 272 Central America 276 Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA) 276
chamber of commerce 246 Chavez, Cesar 222 checks and balances 244 cheerleaders 247, 249 Chicago 25, 46, 82 Chicanos 727 child care 732, 232 children 227, 737 church 206, 272, 275 church attendance 205,
206, 212
church buildings 205 city 75, 79, 82
crime 203, 705
planning 83, 84, 87, 93 civil rights legislation 7 73 civil rights movement 7 73,
Civil War 25, 44, 49, 112 class 46, 65, 162 Cleveland 85 climate 43, 47 coaches 250 cold war 274 college 43, 48, 189, 200,
college sports 248, 251 colonialism 30 colonies 23 commercial broadcasting
262, 264
communication 67, 262 communism 274, 275 community 89 commuting 83 - competition 59, 62, 262 computer 67, 196 Confederacy 49 congregation 275 Congregationalist church
Community 64 evangelical movement 223 evangelism 223, 220 examinations 294, 297 excellence 293 executive branch 244
Falwell, Jerry 223, 220
family 232, 733, 734, 735
farmer 73
farmland 46
fast food 70
Faulkner, William 45, 50
federalism 242
INDEX 281
Federal-Communications
Commission 264 federal land 757 female-headed household
feminism 728, 133, 134 fencing 247 Ferraro, Geraldine 129 film 232, 237, 240 film director 237 film making 237, 240 film producer 237 fitness 245, 254 Fitzgerald, F. Scott 117,
119
folk music 45 football 245, 251 Ford, Gerald 263 Ford, Henry 64 foreign affairs 160 foreign investment 772 foreign policy 161, 164,
173, 179
foreign trade 272 Founding Fathers 25, 59,
112
free enterprise 59, 64 freedom 25, 59, 173, 179,
181, 216
freedom of the press 263 Friedan, Betty 228 frontier 26 Frostbelt 47 fruit picking 720 Fuller, Margaret 26 fundamentalism 734, 273 fund-raising 220
Gallup poll 252, 253 gentrification S3 Georgetown 83 Gershwin, George 229 Gibson, Kirk 247 Gillespie, "Dizzy" 229 Goetz, Bernhard 702, 705 Gold water, Barry 249 golf 247
Gorbachev, Mikhail 178 government 37, 46, 59,
742, 767, 762 Graham, Martha 237 graphic arts 227, 228 Great Depression 73, 160 Great Lakes 43, 46 growth 47 gun control 702, 705 gymnastics 247
Hammerstein, Oscar 229 handguns, registration of
handicapped, the 792 Harvard 43, 119, 251 health 724, 254 Higher Education Act 790 high school 789, 795, 797
high technology 45, 66,
67, 93
Hinduism 273 Hispanics 774 hockey 247 Holiness Church 270 Hollywood 232, 237, 240,
242, 264 homicide 99 homosexuals 775, 232 horse racing 247 House of Representatives
housing projects 704, 727 Houston 82 human rights 273 Humphrey, Hubert 752
Mid-Atlantic states 43 migrant worker 720 migration 47 military aid 775, 178 military intervention 775,
278, 787
military strength 770 Middle East 778 Midwest, the 46 minorities 78, 92, 100, 112,
120, 124, 162, 200 Miranda rule 700
Mitchell, Margaret 52 mixed media 228 mobility 28, 47 modern dance 237 Monroe, Marilyn 228 Montana 46 Moral Majority 759, 273,
moral principles 234 Mormons 45, 208, 210 motherhood 232, 232, 234 movie 232, 237, 240 movie actor 237 mugging 99 murder 99, 200, 703 museums 225 music 228 musical 78, 229
Namath, Joe 247 National Commission on
Excellence in Education
792 National Endowment for
the Arts 226 National Farmers Union
246 National Football League
(NFL) 244
national identity 77, 25, 28 nationalism 28, 38, 180 National Organization for
Women (NOW) 728 NATO 770 nature 75, 776 negro spiritual 45 neighborhood 79, 87, 88,
89
neoconservatives 759 networks 264, 267 New England 43, 53 New Mexico 46 newspapers 267, 262 news services 262 New York 79, 82 New York Times 262 Nicaragua 776 Nixon, Richard 29, 176,
264
nonviolence 723 nuclear war 779, 278 nuclear weapons 775, 776,
recreational parks 246 Reformed churches 222 refugees 26, 20 regional identity 43 regions of the U.S. 43 Rehabilitation Act 225 Rehnquist, William 99 religion 43, 116, 205 and politics 259, 223, 220
religious books 205 religious broadcasting
214, 220, 222 religious cults 223 religious diversity 222 religiousness 205 religious sects 223 representative 254
representative democracy 242
Republican Party 44, 146, 148, 250, 259, 264
resources 46, 157
restoration 83, 87
retirement resort 222
rights of man 280
robbery 99
Roberts, Oral 220
Robertson, Pat 223, 220
rock' n roll 229
Rodgers, Richard 229
roles 233
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 259
Roosevelt, Theodore 252
Rothko, Mark 228
ruralization 85
rural life 85
Sandinistas 2 76 San Francisco 85 Santa Fe 48 satellite TV 265 schedule 297 Schlafly, Phyllis 232 Scholastic Aptitude Test
(SAT) 294 school 288, 193, 195, 199
administration 290
attendance 288
prayer 213, 222
sports 247, 249 Schuller, Robert 224 screen writer 237 sculpture 228 segregation 223 self-defense 202, 205 self-reliance 65 Senate 242, 264 senator 255 service 225 service industries 62 sex discrimination 224,
128
Silent Majority 225 singers 242 skyscrapers 82 slavery 25, 44, 112 slaves 44 slums 82, 83 slum clearance 83 small town 85, 86. 215 Smith, Adam 59
Smith, David 228 smoking 224 soccer 247 social problems 200 social programs 249 Socialist Labor Party 248 Social Security 260, 262 social services 82, 161 Society Hill 84 Sondheim, Stephen 28,
229
South, the 44, 49, 51 Southern belle 52 Spanish language 224 speaker 254 sports 245 and society 256 and sponsors 247, 248 and the media 247, 256 and violence 247 college 248, 251 high school 297, 249 professional 248, 256 spectator 245, 247 Springsteen, Bruce 232 Stanford University 48 Statue of Liberty 30 stock market 62 Strategic Arms Limitation
Treaty 276 Strategic Arms Reduction
Talks (START) 277 Strategic Defense Initiative
(SDI) 277
street gang 227, 204 student athletes 248, 252 suburbs 82 suburbanization 82 success 64, 133 Sunbelt 47 Sun City 322 Superbowl 245 superstations 265 Supreme Court 97, 107, 108, 109, 113, 144, 191, 222, 264 suspect, rights of criminal
(WASP) 23, 222 White House 252, 264 Whitman, Walt 26 wildlife 257 winning 36, 248 Wolfe, Thomas 45 women 227 Women's Liberation 52 Wonder, Stevie 232 worker participation 65 World War I 273 World War II 274 wrestling 247
Yankee 50, 53 yuppies 36, 65
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material:
We have been unable to trace the copyright holder in the poems "I am the Redman" & "My Lodge" by Duke Redbird & would appreciate any information that would enable us to do so.
We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright photographs:
and 236 (right); Douglas Smith for page 256; Social Science Education Consortium, Inc. for page 145; Society for The Advancement of Education, USA Today, July 198^ for page 74; Frank Spooner Pictures for pages 51, 179 and 242 (bottom); John Spragens Jr. for page 73; Tony Stone Photo Library for pages 35 and 96; Topham Picture Library for page 20; AUTH COPYRIGHT 1988 Philadelphia Inquirer. Reprinted with Permission of University Press Syndicate. All rights reserved for pages 165 and 222; 1961 United Artists Pictures Corp. All Rights Reserved. National Film Archive for page 18; Reproduced by Permission of United Feature Syndicate, Inc. for page 40; U.S. Bureau of the Census for pages 135 (top), 135 (middle) and 135 (bottom); U.S. Department of Defense for page 170; U.S. Immigration & Naturalization Service for page 17; Copyright, 1984, U.S. News & World Report for page 199; Eric Velasquez for page 103; Virginia State Library & Archives for page 87; Vision International/J.F. Gerard for page 250; Zefa for page 38.
We have been unable to trace the copyright holders of the photographs on pages 47, 60 (top), 60 (bottom), 61 (top), 62, 63, 64, 129 (top), 161, 171 (top), 171 (bottom), 172 (top), 172 (bottom), 189, 210 and would be grateful for any information to enable us to do so.
Picture Research by Ann Hazelwood.
Cover photographs by The Telegraph Colour Library Ltd.