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Social dialectA dialect spoken by a particular social class (e. g., Cockney English) that is perpetuated by the integrity of the social class (Cf. regional dialect).

SociolinguisticsThe study of the relationship between language and society; study of how language varies over space (by region, ethnicity, social class, etc.).

Special lexicology A branch of general linguistics that studies words and word-combinations, and describes the vocabulary and vocabulary units of a particular language.

SpoonerismSlip of the tongue, an exchange error; a type of speech error where by accident (or sometimes by design, one suspects) initial sounds in syllables of neighboring words swap places, e.g., lighting a fire -- fighting a liar

StemThe base to which one or more affixes are attached to create a more complex form that may be another stem or a word. Cf. root, affix.

Structural ambiguityThe phenomenon in which the same sequence of words has two or more meanings based on different phrase structure analyses; ambiguity that results from two or more possible grammatical structures assignable to an utterance, e. g., He saw a boy with a telescope.

Structure dependent(1) A principle of Universal Grammar that states that the application of transformational rules is determined by phrase structure properties, as opposed to structureless sequences of words or specific sentences; (2) the way children construct rules using their knowledge of syntactic structure irrespective of the specific words in the structure or their meaning (Fromkin & Hummel, p. 669).

StyleSituation dialect, e. g., formal speech, casual speech; also called register.

SubjectSyntactically, the noun phrase (NP) in the clause [NP VP]

Submersion methodEducating nonnative speakers of a language in that language, without systematic accommodations to their native language.

SuffixAn affix that is attached to the end of a morpheme or stem; an affix that attaches to the end of a root.

Suppletion A morphological process that replaces one morpheme with an entirely different morpheme to indicate a grammatical contrast.

Suppletive formsA term used to refer to inflected morphemes in which the regular rules do not apply.

SyncopeTheloss of one or more letters in the interior of a word: specs (spectacles).

SynesthesiaMetaphorical language in which one kind of sensation is described in terms of another; for example, a smell may be described as sweet or a color as loud

SynonymsWords with the same or nearly the same meaning; words that have similar meanings

SyntaxThe rules of sentence formation; the component of the mental grammar that rep-resents speakers’ knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences; the study of how words combine into larger units.

TaxemeThe basic feature of arrangement of morphemes.

Theoretical linguisticsbuilds theories about the nature and limits of grammatical, lexical and phonological systems.

Tree diagramA graphical representation of the linear and hierarchical structure of a phrase or sentence; a phrase structure tree.

Typology The comparative study of significant structural similarities and differences among languages



UnderextensionUse of words to apply to things more narrowly than their actual meaning.

Valency A lexico-syntactic property which involves the relationship between, on the one hand, the different subclasses of a word-class (such as a verb) and, on the other, the different structural environments required by the subclasses, these environments varying both in the number and in the type of elements (Allerton).

Verb phraseA verb together with its complements and modifiers; the predicate of the sentence is a verb phrase (Koln & Funk, 2012).

WordAminimal free form; the smallest linguistic unit capable of standing meaningfully on its own.

Word-formation The process of coining new words from existing ones.

 

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