The present perfect used with forand since 14 page

Come into the garden and I'll show you my roses. come off (intr)

(a) = succeed, of a plan or scheme (used in negative):

I'm afraid that scheme of yours won't come off. It needs more capital than you have available.

(b) = take place; happen as arranged:

When is the wedding coming off? ~ Next June.

If we say The duchess was to have opened the bazaar we imply that this plan was made but didn't come off. (She arranged to open it but later had to cancel this arrangement.)

(c) = end its run (of a play, exhibition etc.):

'Lady Windermere's Fan' is coming off next week. You'd better hurry if you want to see it. come out (intr)

(a) = be revealed, exposed (the subject here is normally the truth/the facts/the whole storyetc. and usually refers to facts which the people concerned were trying to keep hidden, i.e. scandals etc.):

They deceived everybody till they quarrelled among themselves; then one publicly denounced the others and the whole truth came out.

(b) = be published (of books):

Her new novel will be coming out in time for the Christmas sales.

(c) = disappear (of stains):

Tomato stains don't usually come out. come round (intr)

(a) = finally accept a previously opposed suggestion:

Her father at first refused to let her study abroad but he came round (to it) in the end. (said she could go)

(b) = come to my (your/his etc.) house:

/'// come round after dinner and tell you the plan. come round/to (intr; stress on to) = recover consciousness:

When we found him he was unconscious but he came round/to in half an hour and explained that he had been attacked and robbed.

come up (intr)

(a) = rise to the surface:

A diver with an aqualung doesn 't have to keep coming up for air; he can stay underwater for quite a long time. Weeds are coming up everywhere.

(b) = be mentioned:

The question of the caretaker's wages came up at the last meeting. come up (intr), come up to(tr) = approach, come close enough to talk:

A policeman was standing a few yards away. He came up to me and

said, 'You can't park here.'

crop

crop up (intr) = appear, arise unexpectedly or by accident (the subject is normally an abstract noun such as difficulties/the subjectetc. or a pronoun):

At first all sorts of difficulties cropped up and delayed us. Later we

learnt how to anticipate these.

cut

cut down a tree = fell it:

If you cut down all thetrees you will ruin the land, (cut the

trees down/cut themdown) cut down (tr) = reduce in size or amount:

We must cut down expenses or we 'II be getting into debt.

'This article is too long,' said the editor. 'Could you cut it down to

2,000 words?'

cut in (intr) = slip into traffic lane ahead of another car when there isn't room to do this safely:

Accidents are often caused by drivers cutting in. cut off (tr) = disconnect, discontinue supply (usually of gas, water, electricity etc.). The object can either be the commodity or the person who suffers:

The Company has cut off our electricity supplybecause we

haven't paid our bill, (cut our supplyoff/cut it off)

They've cut off the water/our water supply temporarily because they

are repairing one of the main pipes.

We were cut off in the middle of our (telephone) conversation. (This

might be accidental or a deliberate action by the switchboard

operator.)

cut someone off = form a barrier between him and safety (often used in connexion with the tide, especially in the passive):

We were cut off by the tide and had to be rescued by boat. be cut off (intr) = be inconveniently isolated (the subject is usually a place or residents in a certain place):

You will be completely cut off if you go to live in that village because

there is a bus only once a week.

cut out (tr)

(a) = cut from a piece of cloth/paper etc. a smaller piece of a desired shape:

When I am making a dress I mark the doth with chalk and then cut it out. (cut out the dress/cut the dressout) Young people often cut out photographs of their favourite pop stars and stick them to the walls.

(b) = omit, leave out:

If you want to get thin you must cut out sugar, (cut it out) be cut out for (tr) = be fitted or suited for (used of people, usually in the negative):

His father got him a job in a bank but it soon became clear that he

was not cut out for that kind of work. (He wasn't happy and was not

good at the work.) cut up(tr) = cut into small pieces:

They cut down the tree and cut it up for firewood, (cut the tree

up/cut up the tree)

die

die away (intr) = become gradually fainter till inaudible:

They waited till the sound of the guard's footsteps died away. die down (intr) = become gradually calmer and finally disappear (of riots, fires, excitement etc.):

When the excitement had died down the shopkeepers took down their

shutters and reopened their shops.

die out (intr) = become extinct (of customs, races, species of animals etc.):

Elephants would die out if men could shoot as many as they wished.

do

do away with (tr) = abolish:

The government should do away with the regulations restricting

drinking hours. do up (tr) = redecorate:

When I do this roomup I'll paint the walls cream, (do up this

room/do it up) do without (tr) = manage in the absence of a person or thing:

We had to do without petrol during the fuel crisis. The object is sometimes understood but not mentioned:

If there isn't any milk we'll have to do without (it).

draw

draw back (intr) = retire, recoil:

It's too late to draw back now; the plans are all made. draw up (tr) = make a written plan or agreement:

My solicitor drew up the leaseand we both signed it. (drew itup) draw up (intr) = stop (of vehicles):

The car drew up at the kerb and the driver got out.

drop

drop in (intr) = pay a short unannounced visit:

He dropped in for a few minutes to ask if he could borrow your power drill, (drop in is more colloquial than 'call in'.) drop out(intr) = withdraw, retire from a scheme or plan:

We planned to hire a coach for the excursion but now so many people have dropped out that it will not be needed.

enter

enter for (tr) = become a competitor/candidate (for a contest, examination, etc.):

Twelve thousand competitors have entered for the next London

Marathon.

fade

fade away (intr) = disappear, become gradually fainter (usually of sounds):

The band moved on and the music faded away.

fall

fall back (intr) = withdraw, retreat (this is a deliberate action, quite different from fall behind,which is involuntary):

As the enemy advanced we fell back. fall back on (tr) = use in the absence of something better:

We had to fall back on dried milk as fresh milk wasn't available.

He fell back on the old argument that if you educate women they

won't be such good wives and mothers.

fall behind (intr) = slip into the rear through inability to keep up with the others, fail to keep up an agreed rate of payments:

At the beginning the whole party kept together but by the end of the

day those who were less fit had fallen behind.

He fell behind with his rent and the landlord began to become

impatient. fall in with someone's plans = accept them and agree to co-operate:

We'd better fall in with his suggestion for the sake of peace. fall in (intr) of troops etc. = get into line fall out(intr) of troops etc. = leave the lines:

The troops fell in and were inspected. After the parade they fell out

and went back to their barracks. fall off (intr) = decrease (of numbers, attendance etc.):

Orders have been falling off lately; we need a new advertising

campaign.

If the price of seats goes up much more theatre attendances will begin

to fall off.

fall on (tr) = attack violently (the victim has normally no chance to defend himself as the attackers are too strong; it is also sometimes used of hungry men who attack their food when they get it):

The mob fell on the killers and clubbed them to death.

The starving men fell on the food, (devoured it)

fall out (intr) = quarrel:

When thieves fall out honest men get their own. (proverb; i.e. get

back their property) fall through(intr) = fail to materialize (of plans):

My plans to go to Greece fell through because the journey turned out

to be much more expensive than I had expected.

feed

be fed up (intr), be fed up with(tr) = be completely bored (slang): I'm fed up with this wet weather. I'm fed up with waiting; I'm going home.

feel

feel up to (tr) = feel strong enough (to do something):

/ don't feel up to tidying the kitchen now. I'll do it in the morning. I don't feel up to it.

fill

fill in/up forms etc. = complete them:

/ had to fill in three formsto get my new passport, (fill three formsin/fill themin)

find

find out (tr) = discover as a result of conscious effort: In the end I found out what was wrong with my hi-fi. The dog found out the wayto open the door, (found itout) find someone out = find that he has been doing something wrong (this discovery is usually a surprise because the person has been trusted): After robbing the till for months the cashier was found out.

fix

fix up (tr) = arrange:

The club has already fixed up several matchesfor next season, (fixed several matchesup/fixed themup)

get

get about (intr) = circulate; move or travel in a general sense:

The news got about that he had won the first prize in the state lottery

and everybody began asking him for money.

He is a semi-invalid now and can't get about as well as he used to. get away (intr) = escape, be free to leave:

Don't ask him how he is because if he starts talking about his health

you'll never get away from him.

I had a lot to do in the office and didn 't get away till eight. get away with (tr) = perform some illegal or wrong act without being punished, usually without even being caught:

He began forging cheques and at first he got away with it but in the

end he was caught and sent to prison.

get back (tr) = recover possession of:

If you lend him a book he 11 lend it to someone else and you 'II never

get it back, (get back your book/get your bookback) get back (intr) = reach home again:

We spent the whole day in the hills and didn't get back till dark. get off (intr) = be acquitted or receive no punishment (compare with get away with it,which implies that the offender is not even caught):

He was tried for theft but got off because there wasn 't sufficient

evidence against him. (was acquitted)

The boy had to appear before a magistrate but he got off as it was his

first offence, (received no punishment) get on(intr), get on with (tr)

(a) = make progress, be successful: How is he getting on at school?

He is getting on very well with his English.

(b) = live, work etc., amicably with someone:

He is a pleasant friendly man who gets on well with nearly everybody.

How are you and Mr Pitt getting on? get out (intr) = escape from, leave (an enclosed space):

Don't wory about the snake. It's in a box. It can't get out.

News of the Budget got out before it was officially announced.

I'm so busy that I don't very often get out. (out of the house) Note that the imperative 'Get out', except when it means 'descend' (from a vehicle), is very rude. get out of(tr) = free oneself from an obligation or habit:

/ said that I'd help him. Now I don't want to but I can't get out of it.

(free myself from my promise)

He says that he smokes too much but he can't get out of the habit.

Some people live abroad to get out of paying heavy taxes. get over (tr) = recover from (illness, distress or mental weakness):

He is just getting over a bad heart attack.

I can't get over her leaving her husband like that. (I haven't

recovered from the surprise; I am astonished.)

He used to be afraid of heights but he has got over that now. get it over (the object is usually it which normally represents something unpleasant) = deal with it and be finished with it:

If you have to go to the dentist why not go at once and get it over? (Be careful not to confuse this with get over it,which is quite different.) get rounda person = coax him into letting you do what you want:

Girls can usually get round their fathers. get round a difficulty/regulation = find some solution to it/evade it:

// we charge people for admission we will have to pay entertainment

tax on our receipts; but we can get round this regulation by saying

that we are charging not for admission but for refreshments. Money

paid for refreshments is not taxed. get through (tr or intr) = finish a piece of work, finish successfully:

He got through his exam all right, (passed it)

get through (intr) = get into telephone communication:

/ am trying to call London but I can't get through; I think all the

lines are engaged.

get up (tr) = organize, arrange (usually an amateur entertainment or a charitable enterprise):

They got up a concertin aid of cancer research. (They got itup.) get up (intr) = rise from bed, rise to one's feet, mount:

I get up at seven o' clock every morning.

(For get used to mean enter/leave vehicles, see 93 D.) give

give something away= give it to someone (who need not be mentioned):

/'// give this old coataway, (give away this old coataway/give it

away) give someone away(object before away)= betray him:

He said that he was not an American but his accent gave him away.

(told us that he was an American) give back(tr) = restore (a thing) to its owner:

/ must call at the library to give back this book,(to give this book

back/to give itback) give in (intr) = yield, cease to resist:

At first he wouldn 't let her drive the car but she was so persuasive

that eventually he gave in. give out (tr)

(a) = announce verbally:

They gave out the names of the winners,(gave the namesout/gave themout)

(b) = distribute, issue:

The teacher gave out the books,(gave one/someto each pupil) give out(intr) = become exhausted (of supplies etc.):

The champagne gave out long before the end of the reception.

His patience gave out and he slapped the child hard. give up (tr or intr) = abandon an attempt, cease trying to do something:

/ tried to climb the wall but after I had failed three times I gave up.

(gave up the attempt/gave the attemptup/gave itup)

A really determined person never gives up/never gives up trying. give up (tr) = abandon or discontinue a habit, sport, study, occupation:

Have you given up drinking whisky before breakfast?

He gave up cigarettes,(gave themup)

He tried to learn Greek but soon got tired of it and gave it up. give oneself up(object before up) = surrender:

He gave himself up to despair.

He was cold and hungry after a week on the run so he gave himself

up to the police.

go

go ahead (intr) = proceed, continue, lead the way:

While she was away he went ahead with the work and got a lot done.

You go ahead and I'll follow; I'm not quite ready. go away (intr) = leave, leave me, leave this place:

Are you going away for your holiday? ~ No, I'm staying at home.

Please go away; I can't work unless I am alone. go back (intr) = return, retire, retreat:

I'm never going back to that hotel. It is most uncomfortable. go back on (tr) = withdraw or break (a promise):

He went back on his promise to tell nobody about this. (He told

people about it, contrary to his promise.) go down(intr)

(a) = be received with approval (usually of an idea):

/ suggested that she should look for a job but this suggestion did not go down at all well.

(b) = become less, be reduced (of wind, sea, weight, prices etc.): During her illness her weight went down from 50 kilos to 40. The wind went down and the sea became quite calm.

go for (tr) = attack:

The cat went for the dog and chased him out of the hall. go in for (tr) = be especially interested in, practise; enter for (a competition):

This restaurant goes in for vegetarian dishes, (specializes in them)

She plays a lot of golf and goes in for all the competitions. go into (tr) = investigate thoroughly:

'We shall have to go into this very carefully,' said the detective. go off (intr)

(a) = explode (of ammunition or fireworks), be fired (of guns, usually accidentally):

As he was cleaning his gun it went off and killed him.

(b) = be successful (of social occasions):

The party went off very well, (everyone enjoyed it)

(c) = start a journey, leave: He went off in a great hurry.

go on (intr) = continue a journey:

Go on till you come to the crossroads. go on (intr), go on with(tr), goon + gerund = continue any action:

Please go on playing; I like it.

Go on with the treatment. It is doing you good. go on + infinitive:

He began by describing the route and went on to tell us what the trip

would probably cost. (He continued his speech and told us etc.) go out (intr)

(a) = leave the house:

She is always indoors; she doesn't go out enough.

(b) = join in social life, leave one's house for entertainments etc. She is very pretty and goes out a lot.

(c) = disappear, be discontinued (of fashions):

Crinolines went out about the middle of the last century. (A) = be extinguished (of lights, fires etc.):

The light went out and we were left in the dark. go over (tr) = examine, study or repeat carefully:

He went over the plans again and discovered two very serious

mistakes. go round (intr)

(a) = suffice (for a number of people): Will there be enough wine to go round?

(b) = go to his/her/your etc. house:

/ said that I'd go round and see her during the weekend, (go to her

house)

go through (tr) = examine carefully (usually a number of things; go throughis like look throughbut more thorough):

There is a mistake somewhere; we 'II have to go through the accounts

and see where it is.

The police went through their files to see if they could find any

fingerprints to match those that they had found on the handle of the

weapon. go through (tr) = suffer, endure:

No one knows what I went through while I was waiting for the

verdict, (how much I suffered)

go through with (tr) = finish, bring to a conclusion (usually in the face of some opposition or difficulty):

He went through with his plan although all his friends advised him to

abandon it. go up (intr)

(a) = rise (of prices):

The price of strawberries went up towards the end of the season.

(b) = burst into flames (and be destroyed), explode (used of whole buildings, ships etc.):

When the fire reached the cargo of chemicals the whole ship went up.

(blew up)

Someone dropped a cigarette end into a can of petrol and the whole

garage went up in flames.

go without (tr) = do without. (But it only applies to things. 'Go without a person' has only a literal meaning; i.e. it means 'start or make a journey without him'.)

grow

grow out of (tr) = abandon, on becoming older, a childish (and often bad) habit:

He used to tell a lot of lies as a young boy but he grew out of that

later on. grow up (intr) = become adult:

'I'm going to be a pop star when I grow up,' said the boy.

hand

hand down (tr) = bequeath or pass on (traditions/information/ possessions):

This legend has been handed down from father to son. hand in (tr) = give by hand (to someone who need not be mentioned because the person spoken to knows already):

/ handed in my resignation,(gave it to my employer)

Someone handed this parcelin yesterday, (handed itin) hand out (tr) = distribute:

He was standing at the door of the theatre handing out leaflets.

(handing leafletsout/handing themout)

hand over (tr or intr) = surrender authority or responsibility to another:

The outgoing Minister handed over his departmentto his

successor, (handed his departmentover/handed it over) hand round (tr) = give or show to each person present:

The hostess handed round coffee and cakes,(handed them

round)

hang

hang about/around (tr or intr) = loiter or wait (near):

He hung about/around the entrance all day, hoping for a chance to

speak to the director. hang back (intr) = show unwillingness to act:

Everyone approved of the scheme but when we asked for volunteers

they all hung back. hang on to (tr) = retain, keep in one's possession (colloquial):

I'd hang on to that old coat if I were you. It might be useful.

hold

hold off (intr) = keep at a distance, stay away (used of rain):

The rain fortunately held off till after the school sports day. hold on (intr) = wait (especially on the telephone):

Yes, Mr Pitt is in. If you hold on for a moment I'll get him for you. hold on/out (intr) = persist in spite of, endure hardship or danger:

The survivors on the rock signalled that they were short of water but

could hold out for another day.

The strikers held out for six weeks before agreeing to arbitration. hold up (tr)

(a) = stop by threats or violence (often in order to rob):

\ The terrorists held up the train and kept the passengers as hostages.

^' Masked men held up the cashier and robbed the bank, (held him up)

(b) = stop, delay (especially used in the passive):

The bus was held up because a tree had fallen across the road.

join

join up (intr) = enlist in one of the armed services: When war was declared he joined up at once.

jump

jump at (tr) = accept with enthusiasm (an offer or opportunity): He was offered a place in the Himalayan expedition and jumped at the chance.

keep

keep somebody back(object before back)= restrain, hinder, prevent from advancing:

Frequent illnesses kept him back, (prevented him from making

normal progress) keep down(tr) = repress, control:

What is the best way to keep down rats?(keep themdown)

Try to remember to turn off the light when you leave the room. I am

trying to keep down expenses,(keep expensesdown) keep off (tr or intr) = refrain from walking on, or from coming too close:

'Keep off the grass', (park notice) keep on= continue:

/ wanted to explain but he kept on talking and didn 't give me a

chance to say anything. keep out (tr) = prevent from entering:

My shoes are very old and don't keep out the water,(keep the

waterout/keep it out) keep out (intr) = stay outside:

'Private. Keep out.' (notice on door) keep up(tr) = maintain (an effort):

He began walking at four miles an hour but he couldn't keep up that

speedand soon began to walk more slowly, (he couldn 't keep it up)

It is difficult to keep up a conversation with someone who only says

'Yes' and 'No'.

keep up (intr), keep up with(tr) = remain abreast of someone who is advancing; advance at the same pace as:

A runner can't keep up with a cyclist.

The work that the class is doing is too difficult for me. I won't be able

Date: 2015-12-18; view: 743