HISTORY OF MINING

1 Frank is a learner who needs more time to think the task over. 2 Mark can’t stand the time limits because he is usually overactive. 3 Mary prefers working with examples and deriving a rule from them. 4 Clara is a “deductive learner” and prefers working with grammar rules. 5. Vera has problems with her phonological development and needs special attendance to her needs

Exploratory task 1.4

Oral approach YX; audio-lingual xy; communicative yX

Exploratory task 1.5

1 Teacher-centered, 2 learner-dependence, 3 focus on form and text, 4 memorization, 5 deductive teaching from rule to examples

Exploratory task 2.3

A 2 3 5 7 9; B 1 8 10; C 3 4 6;

Exploratory task 2.8

1 test-tube babies, 2 AIDS, 3 Nuclear power

Exploratory task 3.3 1A 2B 3A 4C 5A 6C 7A

HISTORY OF MINING

1.1 Text 1

1Since the beginning of civilization people have used stone, ceramics and, later, metals found on or close to the Earth's surface. These were used to manufacture early tools and weapons, for example, high quality flint found in northern France and southern England were used to create flint tools. Flint mines have been found in chalk areas where seams of the stone were followed underground by shafts and galleries. The mines at Grimes Graves are especially famous, and like most other flint mines, are Neolithic in origin (ca 4000 BC-ca 3000 BC). Other hard rocks mined or collected for axes included the greenstone of the Langdale axe industry based in the English Lake District.

2The oldest known mine on archaeological record is the "Lion Cave" in Swaziland. At this site, which by radiocarbon dating proves the mine to be about 43,000 years old, Paleolithic humans mined mineral hematite, which contained iron and was ground to produce the red pigment ochre. Mines of a similar age in Hungary and are believed to be sites where Neanderthals may have mined flint for weapons and tools.

3Ancient Egyptians mined malachite at Maadi. At first, Egyptians used the bright green malachite stones for ornamentations and pottery. Mining in Egypt occurred in the earliest dynasties, and the gold mines of Nubia were among the largest and most extensive of any in Ancient Egypt, and are described by the Greek author Diodorus Siculus. He mentions that fire-setting was one method used to break down the hard rock holding the gold. One of the complexes is shown in one of earliest known maps. They crushed the ore and ground it to a fine powder before washing the powder for the gold dust.

Date: 2015-01-02; view: 1373