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The paradigm of the verb in the present indefinitePresent tenses § 15. All the present tenses (The present indefinite, the present continuous, the present perfect, the present perfect continuous) refer the actions they denote to the present, that is to, the time of speaking. The difference between them lies in the way they express the categories of aspect and perfect. The present indefinite Meaning. The present indefinite refers the action which it denotes to the present time in a broad sense. It bears no indication as to the manner in which the action is performed, that is whether it is perfective (complete) or imperfective (incomplete), momentary or durative (continuous), iterative or inchoative, etc. Any of these meanings can be imparted to the form by the lexical meaning of the verb or by the context. Neither does it bear any indication as to the precedence of the action it denotes to the moment of speaking. § 16. Formation.Some of the forms of the present indefinite are synthetic (affirmative forms), some - analytic (interrogative and negative forms). Affirmative forms for all persons singular and plural except the 3rd person singular coincide with the infinitive stem: to speak - I speak, you speak, they speak. The 3rd person singular form is built from the same stem by means of the inflexion -s, -es: to speak [spi:k] - he speaks [spi:ksj; to land [lænd] - he lands [lændz]; to wish [wI∫] - he wishes [´wI∫Iz]. The verbs to go and to do and their compounds (to forego, to overdo, etc.) take the inflexion [z] spelled as -es: to go [gou] - he goes [gouz],
The 3rd person singular of the verb to have is has [hæz]. Verb stems ending in voiceless consonants (except voiceless sibilants and affricates) take the inflexion -s
3. Verb stems ending in sibilants and affricates take either the inflexion -s or -es. Both are pronounced [ɪz]: a) -es if the final letters of the stem are -s, -sh, -ss, -x, -z, -zz, -ch, -tch: b) -sif the final letters of the stem are -se, -ce, -ze, -ge, -dge § 17. Interrogative and negative forms of the present indefinite are analytical and are built by means of the present indefinite of the auxiliary to do and the infinitive of the notional verb. The paradigm of the verb in the present indefinite
Negative-interrogative
Note:The auxiliary to do can occur in the affirmative form as well, if special emphasis is required. In this case the auxiliary is always stressed: Ask him again, he ‘does know what it was. She ‘does help me so much! § 18. There are some verbs that form their present indefinite in a different way. 1) The verb to be, which has synthetic forms not only for affirmative, but also for interrogative, negative and negative-interrogative structures. Besides, it distinguishes the category of number and has in the singular the category of person*. 2) The verb to have when meaning to possess also builds its interrogative, negative and negative-interrogative forms synthetically. When the verb to have has a modal meaning or when it is used as part of a phrase verb it makes its interrogative, negative and negative-interrogative forms in the ordinary way, that is with the auxiliary to do: When do you have to get up in order to catch the first morning train? 3) All the modal verbs do not take the inflexion -s in the 3rd person singular. They form their interrogative and negative forms without the auxiliary to do. § 19. The present indefinite. Date: 2015-12-17; view: 1195
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