Ex. 17. Speak on the using of antibiotics.

Ex. 18. Make up a dialogue on antibiotics.

Ex. 19. Give a summary of the following text:

PENICILLIN

Penicillin is used in the treatment of bacterial infections. It works by killing bacteria or preventing their growth. There are several different kinds of penicillins. Each is used to treat different kinds of bacterial infections. One kind of penicillin usually may not be used in place of another. Penicillins are used to treat bacterial infections in many different parts of the body. They are sometimes given with other antibacterial medicines. Carbenicillin is used only to treat bacterial infections of the urinary tract and prostate gland. Penicillin G and penicillin V are also used to prevent “strep” infections in patients with a history of rheumatic heart disease. Piperacillin is given by injection to prevent bacterial infections before, during, and after surgery also. Some penicillins may also be used for other problems. However, none of the penicillins will work for colds, flu, or other viral infections. Penicillins (except some of them) are best taken with a full glass of water on an empty stomach (either 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals) unless otherwise directed by the doctor. To help clear up the infection completely, keep taking penicillin for the full time of treatment, even if you begin to feel better after a few days. If the patient has a “strep” infection, he/she should keep taking this medicine for at least 10 days. This is especially important in “strep” infections. Serious heart problems could develop later if the infection is not cleared up completely. Also, if a person stops taking this medicine too soon, his/her symptoms may return. Along with its needed effects, a medicine may cause some unwanted effects, they are difficulty in breathing, skin rash or itching, abdominal or stomach pain, blood in urine, diarrhea, and joint pain.

Ex. 20. Read and translate one of the following abstracts:

AMPICILLIN

Indications: urinary-tract infections, otitis media, sinusitis, chronic bronchitis, and gonorrhea.

Cautions: history of allergy; renal impairment; chronic lymphatic leukemia; and possibly HIV infection.

Contra-indications: penicillin hypersensitivity.

Side-effects: nausea, diarrhea; rashes (discontinue treatment); rarely, antibiotic-associated colitis.

Dose: by mouth, 0.25-1 g every 6 hours, at least 30 minutes before food.

Gonorrhea, 2-3.5 g as a single dose with probenecid 1 g.

Urinary-tract infections, 500 mg every 8 hours

By intramuscular injection or intravenous injection or infusion, 500 mg every 4-6 hours; higher doses in meningitis.

Child under 10 years, any route, half adult dose.

TETRACYCLINE

Indications: exacerbations (загострення) of chronic bronchitis; pleural effusions due to malignancy or cirrhosis.

Precautions: hepatic impairment; renal impairment; rarely causes photosensitivity.

Contra-indications: pregnancy and breast-feeding, children under 12 years of age, systemic lupus erythematosus.

Side-effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; headache; hepatoxicity.

Dose: by mouth, 250 mg every 6 hours, increased in severe infections to 500 mg every 6-8 hours.

Non-gonococcal urethritis, 500 mg every 6 hours for 7-14 days.

By intravenous infusion, 500 mg every 12 hours; max. 2 g daily.

ERYTHROMYCIN

Indications: alternative to penicillin in hypersensitive patients, pneumonia, syphilis, chronic prostatitis; diphtheria and whooping cough prophylaxis.

Cautions: hepatic impairment; renal impairment; pregnancy and breast-feeding.

Contra-indications: estolate contra-indicated in liver disease.

Side-effects: nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea; rashes and other allergic reactions.

Dose: by mouth, Adult and child over 8 years, 250-500 mg every 6 hours or 0.5-1 g every 12 hours; up to 4 g daily in severe infections; Child up to 2 years 125 mg every 6 hours, 2-8 years 250 mg every 6 hours, doses doubled for severe infections.

By intravenous infusion, Adult and Child severe infections, 50 mg/kg daily by continuous infusion or in divided doses every 6 hours; mild infections, 25 mg/kg daily.

OVERVIEW

Antibiotic is a chemical substance that inhibits the growth of other microorganisms. The term is used to refer to substances with anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, or anti-parasitical activity. Antibiotics can be divided into two groups: bactericidal and bacteriostatic. Bactericidal antibiotics destroy bacteria, and bacteriostatic antibiotics prevent bacteria from multiplying. Antibiotics are used to treat serious bacterial infections. Each antibiotic is effective only against certain bacteria. Usually, antibiotics are given by mouth, while intravenous antibiotics are used in more serious cases. Antibiotics may also sometimes be administered topically. One of the more common side effects is diarrhea. Some side effects may disrupt the function of the kidneys, liver, bone marrow, or other organs.

LESSON 43

REVISION

I. Read and translate one of the following texts:

Text A

THYROID DISEASES

The diagnosis of a thyroid abnormality in function or a thyroid mass is made by taking a medical history and a physical examination. Specifically, your doctor will examine your neck and ask you to lift up your chin to make your thyroid gland more prominent. You may be asked to swallow during the examination, which helps to feel the thyroid and any mass in it. Other tests your doctor may order include: an ultrasound examination of your neck and thyroid; blood tests of thyroid function; a radioactive thyroid scan; a fine needle aspiration biopsy; and a chest X-ray.

Abnormalities of thyroid function (hyper or hypothyroidism) are usually treated medically. If there is insufficient production of thyroid hormone, this may be given in a form of a thyroid hormone pill taken daily. Hyperthyroidism is treated mostly by medical means, but occasionally it may require the surgical removal of the thyroid gland.

If there is a lump of the thyroid or a diffused enlargement (goiter), your doctor will propose a treatment plan based on the examination and your test results. Most thyroid "lumps" are benign. Often they may be treated with thyroid hormone, and this is called "suppression" therapy. The object of this treatment is to attempt shrinkage of the mass over time, usually three-six months. If the lump continues to grow during treatment when you are taking the medication, most doctors will recommend removal of the affected lump.

If the fine needle aspiration is reported as suspicious for or suggestive of cancer, then thyroid surgery is required.

Text B

ALLERGY

Allergies are the result of a response by the body's immune system to agents it perceives as possibly dangerous. Allergy-producing substances are called “allergens”. Allergens may be present in certain medications, in parts of plants, in house dust, in animal dander, in molds, in fungi, in foods, and in insect venom. To understand the language of allergy it is important to remember that allergens are substances that are foreign to the body and can cause an allergic reaction in certain people.

When an allergen comes in contact with the body, it causes the immune system to develop an allergic reaction in persons who are allergic to it. When you inappropriately react to allergens that are normally harmless to other people, you are having an allergic reaction and can be referred to as allergic or atopic.

The word allergy is derived from the Greek words “allos”, meaning different or changed and “ergos”, meaning work or action. Austrian pediatrician Clemens Pirquet (1874-1929) first used the term allergy in 1905 to describe the adverse reactions of children who were given repeated shots of horse serum to fight infection. The following year, the term allergy was proposed to explain this unexpected “changed reactivity”.

The aim of the immune system is to mobilize its forces at the site of invasion and destroy the enemy. One of the ways it does this is to create protective proteins called antibodies. These antibodies, or immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD), help to destroy a foreign particle by attaching to its surface, thereby making it easier for other immune cells to destroy it. The allergic person however, develops a specific type of antibody called immunoglobulin E, or IgE, in response to certain normally harmless foreign substances. To summarize, immunoglobulins are a group of protein molecules that act as antibodies. There are 5 different types: IgA, IgM, IgG, IgD, and IgE. IgE is the allergy antibody.

Most people are susceptible to skin allergies or reactions at some time during their lives. The most common such sensitivity is to plants such as poison ivy or poison oak. In susceptible individuals, contact with one of these plants produces an itchy, blistering rash. Another type of allergy causes swelling of tissues beneath the skin or in the throat for no apparent reason. All of these discomforts are caused by histamines and other chemicals released into the skin or under the lining of the throat or bronchial passages as a result of allergic response. The common skin allergies are dermatitis, hives, and angioedema.

Allergies of the respiratory tract often produce symptoms that are similar to those of a cold: headache, stuffy or runny nose, cough, and sneezes. All respiratory allergies represent responses of the immune system to airborne allergens. The most common respiratory allergies are hay fever, allergies to mold, dander and dust, and asthma.

Allergies to foods, drugs, and insect stings may be the result of antibody responses to allergens that have come into contact with the internal systems of the body. The symptoms may range from a simple rash to a systemic reaction involving the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

Text C

MEDICINAL HERBS

ALOE VERA

Aloe vera is an extremely useful and versatile herb; it can be used to regenerate tissue, clear the throat, clean the colon, expel worms, promote menstruation, and clean out the digestive organs. The part of the plant that is usually used is the leaves. Aloe can regenerate tissue rapidly and well, and so it can be applied to burns, including radiation burns, and cuts and bruises. It can also be used to clear the throat, making it useful for singers and public speakers. To clear the throat, cut off a quarter-inch of a leaf. Put it in your mouth and chew for a few minutes, then swallow. An excellent herb for correcting digestive disturbances, aloe can be used to clean matter from the colon, stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys, and bladder. Another use for aloe is to get rid of worms, but it takes several doses of aloe to do this.

ANISE
Anise's botanical name is Pimpinella anisum, but it is also known as Sweet Cumin. Anise is generally used for digestive disturbances such as colic, nausea, problems caused by overeating, and aids digestion. It also prevents fermentation of gas.

Anise is also used for flavoring: seeds are added to cough medicines, cough drops, candies, and baked goods, while leaves are added to salads.

ROSEMARY
Rosemary is known as a potent tonic, and it was thought that the herb could bring happiness to the heart. It is a warming herb and is used as a stimulant for the nervous system.

Rosemary is a tonic, stimulant nervine, and a circulatory and heart tonic herb. It is also an antibacterial, antiseptic, antidepressant as well as a carminative. Rosemary is a well-known and useful herb and is therefore included in many home remedies. As an infusion, rosemary is stimulating tonic tea that improves concentration as well as the memory. The infusion is also used as a hair rinse for dandruff, scalp psoriasis and reinforces the color of darker hair. Use the infusion as a gargle to soothe mouth, gum, and throat infections. Infused oil is a useful remedy as well. It is most often substituted for the essential oil in massages. The essential oil is used in massages arthritis and muscle aches. The oil in a warm compress is exceptionally good for headaches. If diluted, the essential oil can be used for teething babies. To cultivate rosemary, plant the seeds in well-drained soil in full sun around the time of spring. After the winter, remove the damaged shoots and plane the plant after flowering in late spring. Cold, wet weather is harmful to rosemary, so shelter the plant in the winter. Rosemary is an evergreen and therefore can be collected and used fresh all year round. To dry rosemary, collect the flower tops in the spring and hang to dry in bunches. Once the bunches are dry, store them in a cool, dry place.

Text D

ANTIBIOTICS

An antibiotic is a chemical compound that inhibits or abolishes the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans. The term originally referred to any agent with biological activity against living organisms; however, "antibiotic" now is used to refer to substances with anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, or anti-parasitical activity. The first antibiotic compounds used in modern medicine were produced and isolated from living organisms, such as the penicillin class produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium, or streptomycin from bacteria of the genus Streptomyces. With advances in organic chemistry many antibiotics are now also obtained by chemical synthesis, such as the sulfa drugs. Many antibiotics are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight less than 2000 Da. Unlike previous treatments for infections, which often consisted of administering chemical compounds such as strychnine and arsenic, with high toxicity also against mammals, antibiotics from microbes had no or few side effects and high effective target activity. Most anti-bacterial antibiotics do not have activity against viruses, fungi, or other microbes. Anti-bacterial antibiotics can be categorized based on their target specificity: "narrow-spectrum" antibiotics target particular types of bacteria, such as Gram-negativeorGram-positive bacteria, while broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria.

The effectiveness of individual antibiotics varies with the location of the infection, the ability of the antibiotic to reach the site of infection, and the ability of the microbe to inactivate or excrete the antibiotic. Some anti-bacterial antibiotics destroy bacteria (bactericidal), whereas others prevent bacteria from multiplying (bacteriostatic).

Oral antibiotics are simply ingested, while intravenous antibiotics are used in more serious cases, such as deep-seated systemic infections. Antibiotics may also sometimes be administered topically, as with eye dropsorointments.

In the last few years, three new classes of antibiotics have been brought into clinical use. This follows a 40-year hiatus in discovering new classes of antibiotic compounds. These new antibiotics are of the following three classes: cyclic lipopeptides (daptomycin), glycylcyclines (tigecycline), and oxazolidinones (linezolid). Tigecycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, while the two others are used for gram-positive infections.

Text E

Date: 2015-12-17; view: 732