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Postgraduate level in Ukraine

After obtaining the Master's Degree or the Specialist's one, a student may enter a university or a scientific institute to pursue postgraduate education. The first level of postgraduate education is "aspirantura" that usually results in the "KandidatNauk" degree (Candidate of Sciences). Candidates must pass three qualifying exams (in the field of specialty, in a foreign language of their choice and in philosophy), publish at least three scientific articles, write a dissertation and defend it. This degree is roughly equivalent to the Ph.D. in countries abroad.

After graduation a student may continue postgraduate education. This takes from two to four years of study in "doctorantura". Significant scientific results must be obtained and published, and a new thesis written. This produces a "Doctor Nauk" degree (Doctor of Sciences), but the more typical way is working in a university or scientific institute with parallel preparation of a thesis. The average time between obtaining "Kandidat" and "Doctor" degrees is roughly 10 years, and most of new "Doctors" are 40 and more years old. Only one of four "Kandidats" reaches this grade.

"KandidatNauk" may keep position of Associate Professor in universities and of Researcher or Senior Researcher in scientific institutes. "Doctor Nauk" can hold position of full Professor, Head of Laboratory or equal or higher positions.

The Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine consider changing the Soviet-like "KandidatNauk" and "Doctor Nauk" degrees by Doctor of Philosophy and Doctor Habilitation like in most countries abroad.

 

5. Match the parts of the proverbs. Can you think over the Ukrainian or Russian equivalents?

1. Never put off till tomorrow with good intentions

2. Keen eyes are small gain he keeps

3. God helps those in a day

4. No pain, there's a way

5. Practice makes by halves

6. The road to hell is paved who help themselves

7. Where there's a will, perfect

8. A man is known by the company in the head without brain

9. What's done no gain

10. Rome was not built what you can do today

11. Never do things can't be undone

 

1. Keep practicing and, I’m sure, you’ll be able to improve your skills because ………….

2. Kate has always wanted to get education abroad and now she studies in Vienna. …………….

3. –I am really sorry that Tom’s company went bankrupt and he had to move! – But now he works for an international firm and earns quite a lot. ………………..

4. – Have you heard that Harry was fired last week last? – No wonder! He is so stupid! …………..

5. – Let’s do it later! We’ve got plenty of time! – You’re right. We are not short of time but ………………

6. Certainly, Den won’t refuse use us if we ask him for, but …………………..

7. It’s hard for me to imagine that Jane could have done that. I have never liked her friends but she was always honest and responsible. ………………….



 

6. Watch the video Learn α Enjoy(Enterprise Video. Module 4. 12.30 min). What do English and Ukrainian schools have in common and what are the differences?

Hard Studying or Good Relationships? Lesson 2

Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day;

teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime.

1. Do you consider studying at school important? Read two extracts, use specific reasons and examples to support your reason.

A. For future success, it is more important to relate well with people than studying hard at school. Nowadays, the competition for a good job is becoming more and more fiercer. Some people believe that it is more important to develop better relationship with many people than studying hard at school. Admittedly, having a good social circle will bring you good fortune and can easily get help from other people when searching for a job. However, in my point of view, studying hard in school would definitely bring more benefits in the long run. It will equip us with good knowledge and new ideas. First of all, studying hard gives better understanding of the major you are in. It is obvious that spending more time and efforts in study will yield better performance. Most of the companies will value the ability to study. For example, one of my college classmates studies so hard at school that she spends less time for social activities. Sometimes she even studies overnight. When she graduates from college, she gets more offers than others .Most of the offers are from the top 500 companies in the world. If she doesn't study hard, she would not have such a good fortune.

Secondly, studying hard could yield more creative ideas which are important for future success. Apparently, the more efforts you’ve paid, the better outcome you will get. It is no wonder that innovation often comes from hard study and plays an important role in business success.

The last but not the least, studying hard at school will enable you to make life-long friends. Although people who study hard usually have fewer friends, their friendship is much closer and longer. Their friends not only share the same interest but also study hard. Therefore, a few intimate friends are better than lots of ordinary friends.

To sum up, studying hard in school is more important for success in future job than to have a good relationship with other people. There is no doubt that we will become the master in our field if we spend lots of time and lots of efforts. That’s to say, efforts will always pay off.


Date: 2015-12-17; view: 767


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