Main article: Media in the U.S.

History

During the First World War, Congress approved an act of espionage (1917) and the act of sedition (1918). These acts proclaimed illegal publication of any material critical of the policy of the U.S. government or supporting his opponents. The government feared the spread of anti-war sentiment with the filing of opposition demonstrations in the press.

Now lighting is also controlled foreign military operations.

U.S. media are highly monopolized . So, if in 1880 61 % of all urban daily newspapers in the United States had no competitors in the city , in 1930 - 21% , in 1940 - 13% in the mid -1970s . - 3% . By the end of the last century, only 15 cities in the U.S. newspapers appeared , having at least a formal local "competitor" , and the total number of newspapers published in the United States was less than in the XIX century .

By the end of the last century in the United States completely dominated 11 sources spread the news : three television networks ( ABC , CBS, NBC), three popular magazine ( "Time ", " Newsweek ", " Yu.S.Nyus and World Report ") , the three newspapers (" New York Times ", " The Washington Post " " Walt Street Journal "), two news agencies ( "AP" and " UPI ").

Russia

Main article: Russian media

The Russian Constitution establishes certain restrictions on freedom of information. Legitimate way to seek, receive, transfer , production and dissemination of information (including media ) suggests inadmissibility disclosure of information constituting a state or other secret protected by law . Prohibited use of the media to commit criminal offenses : to call for the seizure of power ; forcible change of the constitutional order and the integrity of the state ; incitement to national, class, social , religious intolerance or hatred : for war propaganda and dissemination programs, promoting pornography, the cult of violence and zhestokosti.Takzhe prohibited use in television , video , film programs , documentaries and feature films , as well as in information and computer files and programs for processing information texts relating to special media.

Law of the Russian Federation of December 27, 1991 № 2124-1 « On mass media " ) treats the media as periodicals , radio , television and video programs [ unknown term ] newsreel program , other forms of mass information . Under the media- legislator understands " designed for the general public print, audio , visual and other messages and materials ."

According to Russian sources , the media have the following features:

mass ( with respect to the legislation of the Russian Federation , 1000, and more copies of newspapers , magazines and newsletters );

periodicity , which shall not be less than once a year ;

compulsion : one source ( broadcaster edition) - a lot of listeners.

According to Art . 2 of the Law of the Russian Federation of December 27, 1991 № 2124 -I « On mass media " media - a collection of subjects of mass communication , such as:

the periodical : newspaper, magazine , almanac , newsletter, other publication , a permanent name, current phone number and coming out at least once a year ,

radio ,

TV ,

video program ,

newsreel program ,

other form of periodic distribution of information .

In Russia, the QMS are required to register with the Roskomnadzora , provide copies of his library in print, or stored for 1 year record of each issue

( broadcasting ), etc. At the same time they are granted certain rights and protections of prior censorship prohibited .

By " media " in Russia does not include a wall newspaper , limited editions , library.

Each of these media has its own characteristics in the production and supply of information .

Press

Main article: Media in the U.S.

In the last decade the Internet has become in the U.S. more important source of information than the daily newspaper. About 40 % of people surveyed reported that for a variety of news sources using the Internet , such as electronic versions of conventional newspapers or specialized news sites . Newspapers are read only 35 % of respondents. However , television remains the most popular source of news : 70% of respondents reported that they watch the news through television.

In 2009, only 19 % of U.S. residents aged 18 to 35 years old viewed the paper press. The average age of readers of printed newspapers in the United States is 55 years. The total circulation of newspapers produced in the U.S. from 1989 to 2009 declined from 62 million to 49 million copies a day. This , as well as broke the fall of 2008 the world financial crisis , which caused some newspapers to switch to an online version ( so quite authoritative newspaper in the United States , " Christian Science Monitor " declared its refusal to mid-2009 from the paper version and the transition to the publication on the Internet , in hard copy newspaper will be published only once a week).

In the U.S. ( and other countries ) can be found newspapers volume of nearly 100 pages ( Russian , in particular, small in volume - a maximum of 32 pages) .

news agencies

USIA (USIA) - News Agency functioned since 1953 as an independent agency of Foreign Affairs within the executive branch of government to conduct public diplomacy in support of U.S. foreign policy. Under the scope of their activities fall almost all countries , including Russia . USIA is the main executive body responsible for informing and consulting the president, secretary of state and other government leaders on issues of international public opinion and reaction to U.S. foreign policy actions .

USIA has 190 offices in 142 countries . In the service of the agency made ​​6,300 employees, more than 2.5 thousand of whom are employed abroad to work with the local offices of the agency. Activities of foreign branches run 520 employees on assignment from the U.S.. Having its own page on the internet makes these information resources accessible from virtually anywhere in the world 24 hours a day. At the disposal of the USIA is satellite TV system " Uorldnet » (Worldnet), allowing 24 hours to transmit information materials and speeches of American gosdeyateley practically worldwide , using the technical capacity of the U.S. embassies and representative offices of the USIA .

Date: 2015-12-11; view: 788