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DEFINING STRATEGIES FOR REMEDIATION IN REHABILITATIONTask 1. Read the text for detail. Task 2. Make up an annotation of the text. Affolter Method.Dr. Felicie Affolter, a Swiss language pathologist, has developed a treatment approach involving Guiding as a Perceptual Cognitive Approach to functional development of persons with motor disorders. This approach is based on Piagetian theories of development. It assumes that perception is a prerequisite for interaction, tactile-kinesthetic information is necessary for interaction to occur and interaction is always goal-directed. The technique, as described by Affolter, requires a hands-on approach in which the therapist assists the client in performing a task. The therapist puts her arms and hands over the client's arms and hands and guides the client through the performance of a task. The client learns to register sensation of touch and movement in the process of performing the task. Alexander Method.Gerda Alexander, a German, calls her method Eutony. "Eu" in Greek means “good, well, harmonious”, and “tomis” means “tension”. This method involves focusing on the unity of the total person. It increases one's awareness of his bodily systems and influences the way he functions. Conductive Education System.This is a method of learning called “rhythmic intention”. In it, each task to be learned is broken down into component parts; each part is practiced separately until success is reached. Rhythmic intent as a method of learning claims to involve the client's motor, linguistic, perceptual and cognitive abilities. When several clients are working together, the group provides further motivation. Cranio-Sacral Therapy.It involves the understanding of the cranio-sacral system and the specific techniques used by those who have been trained in this method. This modality is used with persons with neuromuscular dysfunction and helps to identify and reduce accumulated pain and stress, calm down the autonomic system, lower blood pressure and fevers, remove transient and minor restrictions, relax muscles, improve fluid exchange and blood flow, lengthen the spine, and promote general relaxation and a balancing of the body system. Feldenkrais Method.The Feldenkrais method is an educational, neuromuscular approach to improve function. It strives toward ease of movement and improved coordination. This is accomplished through increased awareness, sensitivity and coordination. The entire sensory-motor system is involved in order to unravel habitual patterns and replace them with better motor function through changing the person's perception of movement. Feldenkrais Awareness through Movement is based on several concepts: that one needs to learn at one's own rate, that movement is the vehicle for learning and that one need to have alternative ways of moving. Learning must be pleasurable and it must be easy. These two elements increase relaxed breathing. He felt that emphasis should be on the action of learning the movement, not the goal to be obtained; one needs to be aware of the learning process. Handling Techniques.Any hands-on technique, which can be used to manipulate the posture or limbs of a client for therapeutic reasons, is called a “handling technique.” Facilitatory techniques are special handling techniques used by the therapist to increase the ease in carrying out a functional action or to inhibit neural responses. They assist the client by enhancing function. Handling techniques are used by caregivers and therapists to handle a person at key points in such a way as to maintain normal or near normal posture and are used when moving a person from one position to another. Inhibitory techniques are also handling techniques which inhibit (restrain or interfere with) an action or a process. Therapists use inhibitory techniques to reduce spasticity, or to relax or slow down undesirable actions. Holistic Treatment.Holistic refers to treatment of the whole or consideration of all functional aspects of a person. Holistic treatment deals with all aspects of a person's function and dysfunction and usually encompasses many different approaches. Myofacial Release.Myofacial release relates to the fascia of the body. The facial is a three-dimensional connective tissue, which runs from thehead to the foot throughout the body. Its purpose is to support structures by holding tissues together as well as separating structures so that they can move without friction. Myofacial Release is the lengthening of superficial and deep body tissue through a gentle and sustained stretch. Neuro-developmental Treatment (NDT).This method is based on the recognition of the interference of normal maturation of the brain leading to arrest of motor development and the presence of abnormal postural reflex activity. The aim of this handling technique is to inhibit abnormal movement patterns while facilitating normal reactions and movement. Perceptual-Motor-Stimulation.Perception refers to the interpretation in the brain of sensations one takes in. Motor is a movement response. Perceptual motor stimulation refers to activities what increase when the brain interprets, feels or senses and the motor responses as the result. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF).PNF is “a method of promoting or hastening the response of the neuromuscular mechanism through stimulation of the proprioceptor”. The PNF patterns and techniques are used both independently and with exercises, gait training and self-care activities to develop strength, balance and motor learning. Rood: Neurophysiological Approach.This treatment approach involves activation, facilitation, and inhibition of muscle actions, voluntary and involuntary. Sensorimotor Stimulation.Sensorimotor stimulation techniques are applied according to the theoretical base of the professional using them – i.e., physical, occupational, speech therapists; physical educators. movement therapists, child development specialists and so on. There is a great deal of change occurring in the approaches being used in treatment because of the growth in the knowledge of how the central nervous system actually functions. Many of the “old” techniques are outmoded since the reasoning behind their development has been found to be inaccurate and the techniques have been either “revised” or discarded in order to apply to the current base of knowledge about function. Sensory Integration or (SI).Sensory Integration is a system of treatment techniques, based on theories of evaluation and treatment developed by A.J. Ayres, an occupational therapist. It involves active participation by the client in purposeful activities, which are always initiated and directed by him. It requires the client to make an adaptive response to his environment. In this process, activities, which are rich in proprioceptive vestibular and tactile input are not repeated but are done as a continuous series of events. The therapist manipulates the environment to obtain the desired results for the dysfunction and to facilitate or inhibit neurological functions or stated goals of improving the processing and organization of sensation. Sensory integration does not include the teaching of skills or the arousal of specific sensations such as applying tactile stimulation to a client or placing the client in an activity, which provides him with vestibular stimulation. Tactile Stimulation.Tactile refers to the sense of touch. Tactile stimulation can include any type of arousal of the touch system; it may include direct excitation to the skin or having the client engage in tactically arousing activities. Vestibular Stimulation.Vestibular refers to the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear, which includes those parts innervated by the eighth cranial nerve: the saccule, utricle, semicircular canals, vestibular nerve and vestibular nuclei, and those parts of the brain, which are directly affected by this system. The vestibular system responds to type, direction, angle, and speed of movement and head position enabling a person to orient in space and time and maintain a sense of equilibrium or balance. (L.M. Evans. A multi-dimensional model for conceptualizing the design of child behaviour therapy. – John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2004. – P. 237-51. ) TEXT IX WHAT IS DOWN SYNDROME? Task 1. Read the text for detail. Task 2. Make up an annotation of the text. If you are like most people, you probably had little understanding of what Down syndrome meant before your baby was born. Basically, Down syndrome means that your baby has one extra chromosome each of his millions of cells. Instead of forty-six, he has forty-seven. Over six thousand babies with Down syndrome are born in the United States every year and thousands more in other countries. It is one of the most common birth defects. Everyone has heard of children born with other disorders, such as spina bifida, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, and Tay-Sachs disease. Of these, only cerebral palsy is more common than Down syndrome. Other chromosomal disorders are far less common. Because genes and chromosomes play a large part in determining your child's characteristics, this extra chromosome will affect his life. His appearance may be a bit different from other children, he may have some unique medical problems, and he will likely have some degree of mental retardation, although the severity of any of these problems varies tremendously from child to child. Two things about Down syndrome are clear. First; parents do not cause Down syndrome; nothing you did or did not do before or during pregnancy caused your baby to have Down syndrome. Second, like “normal” children, each baby with Down syndrome is unique, with his own personality, talents, and thoughts. There are few absolutes governing your baby's destiny like other children, he is an individual and will grow to become a distinct personality. Parents frequently are amazed at how often conception results in abnormal chromosomes. In general, chromosomal abnormalities of one kind or another may occur in as many as four in one hundred conceptions. Most of these pregnancies end in miscarriage. In fact, a quarter of all miscarriages result from chromosomal abnormalities that do not allow the embryo to develop. Down syndrome, the most common chromosomal abnormality in humans, is one that does allow the embryo to develop. Down syndrome occurs in all races and in all countries. Recent figures place the frequency in North America at about one in eight hundred to one in one thousand births. It can happen to anyone. It happens in both girls and boys evenly. (Babies with Down Syndrome. – London, 1986. – 25 p.) TEXT X GENETICS Task 1. Read the text for detail. Task 2. Make up an annotation of the text. The New York Times reported that for the first time in history, researchers had mapped one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes that make up every cell in the human body. Once all of the genes in the human body are mapped, the genetic roots of diseases, disabilities, and various physical traits can be identified. But, as DAA notes in it's submission to the World Health Organization (WHO) Consultation: Ethical Issues in Cloning & Biotechnology, the current application of this research tends less toward exploring cures for diseases and more toward eugenics, the science of improving the human race through selective breeding. Using genetic testing to verify that certain conditions are present in a fetus results not in new methods to treat or eliminate the disorders but in the abortion of babies that are perceived as having defects. Prenatal testing, the screening of foetal cells for genetic problems, has traditionally been done in some countries when parents fear their foetus is at risk for a certain condition. In the future, older testing methods such as amniocentesis will be replaced by the genetic screening of foetal cells from the mother's blood sample. Moreover, the reproductiye, technology (medically assisted ways of conceiving children) now used in some countries will be supplemented by more radical methods. In vitro fertilization, in which eggs taken from a woman's body are combined with sperm in a laboratory in hopes of producing a fertilized egg or embryo, has already been paired with ex utero genetic testing in some countries. In ex utero genetic testing, cells are taken from the embryo for DNA analysis—and only embryos that do not carry unwanted genetic traits are implanted in the woman's uterus. Given the choice and the ability, people may very well decide to have only the children that meet their expectations for the perfect baby. For some people, the best way to conceive the perfect baby may be through cloning, a technique that produces an organism that is genetically identical to a parent. In 1997 Scottish scientists announced the birth of a sheep named Dolly who had been cloned from the cell of another adult female sheep. Several other successful cloning experiments followed soon after this discovery, including the production of an embryo from the cells of a woman in the Republic of Korea. Human cloning seems destined to become a real option in the field of reproductive technology despite the questions it raises about giving humans control over the evolution of their race. These questions are the current study of bioethicists, or those who examine moral issues that arise in medical treatment and research. Much of the debate among the bioethicists revolves around the probability that one day humans will not only have access to knowledge of their unborn children's genetic code but will also be able to select and even change certain genetic characteristics of their baby. (K. Snoddon. Genetics. – WFD NEWS, May 2000. – p.5-6.)
TEXT XI Date: 2015-12-11; view: 760
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