Se/ifeUiTyjof State 2 page

Member in its work.

3. The Military Staff Committee shall be responsible

under the Security Council for the

strategic direction of any armed forces placed at

the disposal of the Security Council. Questions

relating to the command of such forces shall be

worked out subsequently.

4. The Military Staff Committee, with the

authorization of the Security Council and after

consultation with appropriate regional agencies,

may establish regional subcommittees.

Article 48

1. The action required to carry out the decisions

of the Security Council for the maintenance

of international peace and security shall be

taken by all the Members of the United Nations

or by some of them, as the Security Council may

determine.

2. Such decisions shall be carried out by the

Members of the United Nations directly and

through their action in the appropriate international

agencies of which they are members.

Article 49

The Members of the United Nations shall join

in affording mutual assistance in carrying out the

measures decided upon by the Security Council.

Article 50

If preventive or enforcement measures against

any state are taken by the Security Council, any

other state, whether a Member of the United

Nations or not, which finds itself confronted with

special economic problems arising from the carrying

out of those measures shall have the right to

consult the Security Council with regard to a solution

of those problems.

Article 51

Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the

inherent right of individual or collective selfdefense

if an armed attack occurs against a Mem-

represented on it to provide armed forces in fulfillment

of the obligations assumed under Article

43, invite that Member, if the Member so desires,

to participate in the decisions of the Security

Council concerning the employment of contingents

of that Member's armed forces.

Article 45

In order to enable the United Nations to take

urgent military measures, Members shall hold

immediately available national air-force contingents

for combined international enforcement action.

The strength and degree of readiness of these

contingents and plans for their combined action

shall be determined, within the limits laid down in

the special agreement or agreements referred to

in Article 43, by the Security Council with the

assistance of the Military Staff Committee.

Article 46

Plans for the application of armed force shall

be made by the Security Council with the assistance

of the Military Staff Committee.

Article 47

1. There shall be established a Military Staff

Committee to advise and assist the Security

Council on all questions relating to the Security

Council's military requirements for the maintenance

of international peace and security, the employment

and command of forces placed at its

disposal, the regulation of armaments, and possible

disarmament.

2. The Military Staff Committee shall consist

of the Chiefs of Staff of the permanent members

of the Security Council or their representatives.

Any Member of the United Nations not permanently

represented on the Committee shall be invited

by the Committee to be associated with it

when the efficient discharge of the Committee's

responsibilities requires the participation of that

Member in its work.

3. The Military Staff Committee shall be responsible

under the Security Council for the

strategic direction of any armed forces placed at

the disposal of the Security Council. Questions

relating to the command of such forces shall be

worked out subsequently.

4. The Military Staff Committee, with the

authorization of the Security Council and after

consultation with appropriate regional agencies,

may establish regional subcommittees.

Article 48

1. The action required to carry out the decisions

of the Security Council for the maintenance

of international peace and security shall be

taken by all the Members of the United Nations

or by some of them, as the Security Council may

determine.

2. Such decisions shall be carried out by the

Members of the United Nations directly and

through their action in the appropriate international

agencies of which they are members.

Article 49

The Members of the United Nations shall join

in affording mutual assistance in carrying out the

measures decided upon by the Security Council.

Article 50

If preventive or enforcement measures against

any state are taken by the Security Council, any

other state, whether a Member of the United

Nations or not, which finds itself confronted with

special economic problems arising from the carrying

out of those measures shall have the right to

consult the Security Council with regard to a solution

of those problems.

Article 51

Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the

inherent right of individual or collective selfdefense

if an armed attack occurs against a Mem-

her of the United Nations, until the Security Council

has taken the measures necessary to maintain

international peace and security. Measures taken

by Members in the exercise of this right of selfdefense

shall be immediately reported to the Security

Council and shall not in any way affect the

authority and responsibility of the Security Council

under the present Charter to take at any time

such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain

or restore international peace and security.

CHAPTER VIII

REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

Article 52

1. Nothing in the present Charter precludes

the existence of regional arrangements or agencies

for dealing with such matters relating to the

maintenance of international peace and security

as are appropriate for regional action, provided

that such arrangements or agencies and their activities

are consistent with the Purposes and Principles

of the United Nations.

2. The Members of the United Nations entering

into such arrangements or constituting such

agencies shall make every effort to achieve pacific

settlement of local disputes through such regional

arrangements or by such regional agencies

before referring them to the Security Council.

3. The Security Council shall encourage the

development of pacific settlement of local disputes

through such regional arrangements or by

such regional agencies either on the initiative of

the states concerned or by reference from the

Security Council.

4. This Article in no way impairs the application

of .Articles 34 and 35.

Article 53

1. The Security Council shall, where appropriate,

utilize such regional arrangements or

agencies for enforcement action Under its authority.

But no enforcement action shall be taken

under regional arrangements or by regional agencies

without the authorization of the Security

Council* with the exception of measures against

any enemy state, as defined in paragraph 2 of

this Article, provided for pursuant to Article

107 or in regional arrangements directed against

renewal of aggressive policy on the part of any

such state, until such time as the Organization

may, on request of the Governments concerned,

be charged with the responsibility for preventing

further aggression by such a state.

2. The term enemy state as used in paragraph

1 of this Article applies to any state which during

the Second World War has been an enemy of any

signatory of the present Charter.

Article 54

The Security Council shall at all times be kept

fully informed of activities undertaken or in contemplation

under regional arrangements or by

regional agencies for the maintenance of international

peace and security.

CHAPTER IX

INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC AND

SOCIAL COOPERATION

Article 55

With a view to the creation of conditions of

stability and well-being which are necessary for

peaceful and friendly relations among nations

based on respect for the principle of equal rights

and self-determination of peoples, the United

Nations shall promote:

a. higher standards of living, full employment,

and conditions of economic and social

progress and development;

b. solutions of international economic, social,

health, and related problems; and inter-

national cultural and educational cooperation;

and

c. universal respect for, and observance of,

human rights and fundamental freedoms for

all without distinction as to race, sex, language,

or religion.

Article 56

All Members pledge themselves to take joint

and separate action in cooperation with the Organization

for the achievement of the purposes set

forth in Article 55.

Article 57

1. The various specialized agencies, established

by intergovernmental agreement and having

wide international responsibilities, as defined

in their basic instruments, in economic, social,

cultural, educational, health, and related fields,

shall be brought into relationship with the United

Nations in accordance with the provisions of

Article 63.

2. Such agencies thus brought into relationship

with the United Nations are hereinafter referred

to as specialized agencies.

Article 58

The Organization shall make recommendations

for the coordination of the policies and activities

of the specialized agencies.

Article 59

The Organization shall, where appropriate,

initiate negotiations among the states concerned

for the creation of any new specialized agencies

required for the accomplishment of the purposes

set forth in Article 55.

Article 60

Responsibility for the discharge of the functions

of the Organization set forth in this Chapter

shall be vested in the General Assembly and,

under the authority of the General Assembly, in

the Economic and Social Council, which shall

have for this purpose the powers set forth in

Chapter X.

CHAPTER X

THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL

Composition

Article 61

1. The Economic and Social Council shall consist

of eighteen Members of the United Nations

elected by the General Assembly.

2. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 3,

six members of the Economic and Social Council

shall be elected each year for a term of three years.

A retiring member shall be eligible for immediate

re-election.

3. At the first election, eighteen members of

the Economic and Social Council shall be chosen.

The term of office of six members so chosen shall

expire at the end of one year, and of six other

members at the end of two years, in accordance

with arrangements made by the General Assembly.

4. Each member of the Economic and Social

Council shall have one representative.

Functions and Powers

Article 62

1. The Economic and Social Council may make

or initiate studies and reports with respect to international

economic, social, cultural, educational,

health, and related matters and may make recommendations

with respect to any such matters to the

General Assembly, to the Members of the United

Nations, and to the specialized agencies concerned.

2. It may make recommendations for the purpose

of promoting respect for, and observance of,

human rights and fundamental freedoms for all.

3. It may prepare draft conventions for submission

to the General Assembly, with respect to

matters falling within its competence.

4. It may call, in accordance with the rules

prescribed by the United Nations, international

conferences on matters falling within its competence.

Article 63

1. The Economic and Social Council may enter

into agreements with any of the agencies referred

to in Article 57, defining the terms on

which the agency concerned shall be brought into

relationship with the United Nations. Such agreements

shall be subject to approval by the General

Assembly.

2. It may coordinate the activities of the specialized

agencies through consultation with and

recommendations to such agencies and through

recommendations to the General Assembly and to

the Members of the United Nations.

Article 64

1. The Economic and Social Council may

take appropriate steps to obtain regular reports

from the specialized agencies. It may make arrangements

with the Members of the United

Nations and with the specialized agencies to obtain

reports on the steps taken to give effect to its own

recommendations and to recommendations on

matters falling within its competence made by

the General Assembly.

2. It may communicate its observations on

these reports to the General Assembly.

Article 65

The Economic and Social Council may furnish

information to the Security Council and shall

assist the Security Council upon its request.

Article 66

1. The Economic and Social Council shall perform

such functions as fall within its competence

in connection with the carrying out of the recommendations

of the General Assembly.

2. It may, with the approval of the General

Assembly, perform services at the request of

Members of the United Nations and at the request

of specialized agencies.

3. It shall perform such other functions as are

specified elsewhere in the present Charter or as

may be assigned to it by the General Assembly.

Voting

Article 67

1. Each member of the Economic and Social

Council shall have one vote.

2. Decisions of the Economic and Social Council

shall be made by a majority of the members

present and voting.

Procedure

Article 68

The Economic and Social Council shall set up

commissions in economic and social fields and for

the promotion of human rights, and such other

commissions as may be required for the performance

of its functions.

Article 69

The Economic and Social Council shall invite

any Member of the United Nations to participate,

without vote, in its deliberations on any matter

of particular concern to that Member.

Article 70

The Economic and Social Council may make

arrangements for representatives of the specialized

agencies to participate, without vote, in its

deliberations and in those of the commissions

established by it, and for its representatives to

participate in the deliberations of the specialized

agencies.

Article 71

The Economic and Social Council may make

suitable arrangements for consultation with nongovernmental

organizations which are concerned

with matters within its competence. Such arrange-

ments may be made with international organizations

and, where appropriate, with national organizations

after consultation with the Member

of the United Nations concerned.

Article 72

1. The Economic and Social Council shall

adopt its own rules of procedure, including the

method of selecting its President.

2. The Economic and Social Council shall meet

as required in accordance with its rules, which

shall include provision for the convening of meetings

on the request of a majority of its members.

CHAPTER XI

DECLARATION REGARDING

NON-SELF-GOVERNING TERRITORIES

Article 73

Members of the United Nations which have or

assume responsibilities for the administration of

territories whose peoples have not yet attained

a full measure of self-government recognize the

principle that the interests of the inhabitants of

these territories are paramount, and accept as a

sacred trust the obligation to promote to the utmost,

within the system of international peace and

security established by the present Charter, the

well-being of the inhabitants of these territories,

and, to this end:

a. to ensure, with due respect for the culture

of the peoples concerned, their political,

economic, social, and educational advancement,

their just treatment, and their protection

against abuses;

b. to develop self-government, to take due

account of the political aspirations of the

peoples, and to assist them in the progressive

development of their free political institutions,

according to the particular circumstances of

each territory and its peoples and their varying

i stages of advancement;

c. to further international peace and security;

d. to promote constructive measures of development,

to encourage research, and to cooperate

with one another and, when and where

appropriate, with specialized international bodies

with a view to the practical achievement of

the social, economic, and scientific purposes

set forth in this Article; and

e. to transmit regularly to the Secretary-

General for information purposes, subject to

such limitation as security and constitutional

considerations may require, statistical and other

information of a technical nature relating to

economic, social, and educational conditions in

the territories for which they are respectively

responsible other than those territories to which

Chapters XII and XIII apply.

Article 74

Members of the United Nations also agree that

their policy in respect of the territories to which

this Chapter applies, no less than in respect of their

metropolitan areas, must be based on the general

principle of good-neighborliness, due account being

taken of the interests and well-being of the rest

of the world, in social, economic, and commercial

matters.

CHAPTER XII

INTERNATIONAL TRUSTEESHIP SYSTEM

Article 75

The United Nations shall establish under its

authority an international trusteeship system for

the administration and supervision of such territories

as may be placed thereunder by subsequent

individual agreements. These territories are

hereinafter referred to as trust territories.

Article 76

The basic objectives of the trusteeship system,

in accordance with the Purposes of the United

Nations laid down in Article 1 of the present Charter,

shall be:

a. to further international peace and security;

b. to promote the political, economic, social,

and educational advancement of the inhabitants

of the trust territories, and their progressive

development towards self-government or independence

as may be appropriate to the particular

circumstances of each territory and its

peoples and the freely expressed wishes of the

peoples concerned, and as may be provided by

the terms of each trusteeship agreement;

c. to encourage respect for human rights

and for fundamental freedoms for all without

distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion,

and to encourage recognition of the interdependence

of the peoples of the world; and

d. to ensure equal treatment in social, economic,

and commercial matters for all Members

of the United Nations and their nationals, and

also equal treatment for the latter in the administration

of justice, without prejudice to the

attainment of the foregoing objectives and subject

to the provisions of Article 80.

Article 77

1. The trusteeship system shall apply to

such territories in the following categories as may

be placed thereunder by means of trusteeship

agreements:

a. territories now held under mandate;

b. territories which may be detached from

enemy states as a result of the Second World

War; and

c. territories voluntarily placed under the

system by states responsible for their administration.

2. It will be a matter for subsequent agreement

as to which territories in the foregoing categories

will be brought under the trusteeship system and

upon what terms.

Article 78

The trusteeship system shall not apply to territories

which have become Members of the United

Nations, relationship among which shall be based

on respect for the principle of sovereign equality.

Article 79

The terms of trusteeship for each territory to

be placed under the trusteeship system, including

any alteration or amendment, shall be agreed upon

by the states directly concerned, including the

mandatory power in the case of territories held

under mandate by a Member of the United Nations,

and shall be approved as provided for in

Articles 83 and 85.

Article 80

1. Except as may be agreed upon in individual

trusteeship agreements, made under Articles 77,

79, and 81, placing each territory under the trusteeship

system, and until such agreements have

been concluded, nothing in this Chapter shall be

construed in or of itself to alter in any manner

the rights whatsoever of any states or any peoples

or the terms of existing international instruments

to which Members of the United Nations may respectively

be parties.

2. Paragraph 1 of this Article shall not be interpreted

as giving grounds for delay or postponement

of the negotiation and conclusion of agreements

for placing mandated and other territories

under the trusteeship system as provided for in

Article 77.

Article 81

The trusteeship agreement shall in each case

include the terms under which the trust territory

will be administered and designate the authority

which will exercise the administration of the trust

territory. Such authority, hereinafter called the

administering authority, may be one or more

states or the Organization itself.

Article 82 ,

There may be designated, in any trusteeship

agreement, a strategic area or areas which may

include part or all of the trust territory to which

the agreement applies, without prejudice to any

special agreement or agreements made under

Article 43.

Article 83

1. All functions of the United Nations relating

to strategic areas, including the approval of the

terms of the trusteeship agreements and of their

alteration or amendment, shall be exercised by the

Security Council.

2. The basic objectives set forth in Article 76

shall be applicable to the people of each strategic

area.

3. The Security Council shall, subject to the

provisions of the trusteeship agreements and without

prejudice to security considerations, avail

itself of the assistance of the Trusteeship Council

to perform those functions of the United Nations

under the trusteeship system relating to political,

economic, social, and educational matters in the

strategic areas.

Article 84

It shall be the duty of the administering authority

to ensure that the trust territory shall play its

part in the maintenance of international peace and

security. To this end the administering authority

may make use of volunteer forces, facilities, and

assistance from the trust territory in carrying out

the obligations towards the Security Council undertaken

in this regard by the administering authority,

as well as for local defense and the maintenance

of law and order within the trust territory.

Article 85

1. The functions of the United Nations with

regard to trusteeship agreements for all areas not

designated as strategic, including the approval of

the terms of the trusteeship agreements and of

their alteration or amendment, shall be exercised

by the General Assembly.

2. The Trusteeship Council, operating under

the authority of the General Assembly, shall assist

the General Assembly in carrying out these

functions.

CHAPTER XIII

THE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL

Composition

Article 86

1. The Trusteeship Council shall consist of

the following Members of the United Nations:

a. those Members administering trust territories;

b. such of those Members mentioned by

name in Article 23 as are not administering

trust territories; and

c. as many other Members elected for threeyear

terms by the General Assembly as may be

necessary to ensure that the total number of

members of the Trusteeship Council is equally

divided between those Members of the United

Nations which administer trust territories and

those which do not.

2. Each member of the Trusteeship Council

shall designate one specially qualified person to

represent it therein.

Functions and Powers

Article 87

The General Assembly and, under its authority,

the Trusteeship Council, in carrying out their

functions, may:

a. consider reports submitted by the administering

authority;

b. accept petitions and examine them in

consultation with the administering authority;

c. provide for periodic visits to the respective

trust territories at times agreed upon with

the administering authority; and

d. take these and other actions in conformity

with the terms of the trusteeship agreements.

Article 88

The Trusteeship Council shall formulate a

questionnaire on the political, economic, social,

and educational advancement of the inhabitants

of each trust territory, and the administering

authority for each trust territory within the competence

of the General Assembly shall make an

annual report to the General Assembly upon the

basis of such questionnaire.

Voting

Article 89

1. Each member of the Trusteeship Council

shall have one vote.

2. Decisions of the Trusteeship Council shall

be made by a majority of the members present and

voting.

Procedure

Article 90

1. The Trusteeship Council shall adopt its own

rules of procedure, including the method of selecting

its President.

2. The Trusteeship Council shall meet as required

in accordance with its rules, which shall

include provision for the convening of meetings

on the request of a majority of its members.

Article 91

The Trusteeship Council shall, when appropriate,

avail itself of the assistance of the Economic

and Social Council and of the specialized agencies

in regard to matters with which they are respectively

concerned.

CHAPTER XIV

THE INTERNATIONAL COURT

OF JUSTICE

Article 92

The International Court of Justice shall be the

principal judicial organ of the United Nations.

It shall function in accordance with the annexed

Statute, which is based upon the Statute of the

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