Basic notions of st-s.

The subject of stylistics.

St-s deals with styles. Style can be defined as a set of specific features of a text or a text-type. Style is what differentiates one text from all the other texts.

e.g. 1) Never seen the chap, not I! (coll., em.,emph.)

2) He, I never chapped eyes on this here, guy (form.)

3) I deny the fact of ever having seen this person (form.)

4) I have no association with the appearance of the individual I....

Features of the text produced in our speech depend upon 2 main factors:

1 – Participants of communication

2 – A situation of communication/context

1) The following features of participants are relevant for style. They are age, sex, social and economic status, education, area of residence.

2) As to the situation of com-n, speech depends on the levels of its formality. Effective com-n takes place only, when all these factors are taken into consideration by all participants of com-n, that is when the speaker chooses those words, senten-s structures, intonation patterns, which suite a certain situation. When these rules are neglected, i.e. when some part-s of com-n uses language means of another speech

register it produces either an unpleasant or a comical effect.

St-s is a branch of linguistics, wh. studies the principals and effects of a choice and use of phonetical, lexical, grammatical and syntactical language means to express thoughts, attitudes and emotions in various situation of com-n.

Levels of st-s.

Levels are based upon hierarchical division of lang. into levels: phonetic, morphemic,

lexical, syntactical and common.

1) Phonost-s studies how separate sounds and their combinations, rhythm, intonation patterns can serve as expressive means to convey person's feelings and ideas, i.e. how sound shape of lang. units may become meaningful.

2) Lexical st-s studies st-c function of meaning and various relation between primary and transferred meanings. Worlds are always analyzed within the definite context and to their contextual meanings. Besides, lexical stylistic deals with historical lexicology because some authors use archaisms and the… about the etymology of these words can help to understand the author's message and finally, lexical st-c is concerned with the expressive potential of word-building patterns, esp. neologisms, created by writers.

3) Grammatical styl-s studies expressive potential of gram. categories, such as the category of number, case, definiteness/indefiniteness, tense, aspect, mood and others. It also studies the expressiveness of syntactical structures.

I'm not a Celentano (metaphor)

I'm not Celentano

Basic notions of st-s.

They are expressive means, stylistic devices, tropes, figures of speech, deviation from the norm. In com-n 2 kinds of information are expressed: 1^st – primary, it is objective and it expresses the subject of message, 2^nd – additional, which reveals conditions of com-n and peculiar features of participants.

e.g. Girl

maiden arch./poet./form.

lass sc. dial./coll.

lassie coll./poet./em.

baby sl./emph.

chick sl./emph.

young lady fml./ir.

All lang.units may be classified into styl-ly neutral and styl-ly marked. Styl-ly neutral units express only objective information, they are devoid any additional shades of meaning, they are not restricted in their usage. Styl-ly marked units express both objective and subjective information and they are restricted in their usage to a particular sphere of com-n. When a styl-ly marked units appears in a styl-ly neutral context, it changes the coloring of that context adding logical and emotional emphasis to it. Such units are called expressive moods. As far as the lang. literature is concerned, styl-ly marked lang. means are subdivided into tropes and figures of speech. Tropes are cases of the usage of words and phrases in a transferred meaning. Tropes serve a description, they create images. They are lexical devices: metaphor, metonymy, epithet. Figures of speech do not create images, they make text more expressive and emphatic with the help of various synt. constructors as inversion, parallelism, rhetorical questions. In modern linguistics expressiveness is estimated on the bases of the norm. In com-n a speaker has a wide range of possibilities to express his ideas due to the existence of synonyms. The choice of that synonym influences the coloring of a utterance. The rarer a synonym is, the greater expressiveness is. The st. effect depends on the deviation from the norm.

e.g. Mr. Pickwick went in.

In went Mr. Pickwick.

Went in Mr. Pickwick.

Mr. Pickwick went in, he did.

4. Types of meaning.A word has a complex semantic structure. It reveals 2 kinds of information:

1) information, constituting the subject of the message. It’s an objective infor-n, reflecting some peace of reality.

2) subjective information, revealing conditions of communication & features of participants.

The 1^st information has denotative meaning.

The 2^nd – connotative meaning.

Denotative meaning – is the name of whole of the concept. The meaning of the given phenomenon through of its qualities. It is historical category which changes in course of time, as a result one word may denote diff.concepts, acquiring primary & secondary meanings.

Connotative meaning– expresses feelings & emotions arouses by the … of phenomenon denoted by the word. Its function is to show the subjective, evaluated attitude of the speaker towards the object.

Connotative meaning consist of 4 components:

1) emotive;

2) evaluative;

3) expressive;

4) stylistic.

1) Words with a marked emotional component express feelings and emotions of the speaker towards the person, action or quality, expressed by words-interjections.

Interjection – the words which have only emotional connotative meaning.

e.g. Oops! Wow! Ouch!

Endearments – words which in their transferred meaning are used to convey feelings & emotions.

e.g. honey, flower, blossom, sugar, baby.

It is necessary to distinguish between words marked by emotional connotation & words which nominate feelings & emotions.

2) Evaluative component expresses positive or negative emotions towards the object denoted by the word.

e.g. time-tested; out-of-date. Evaluative component is depended on the context & it may change from positive to negative, or contrary. “And I heard Edward call me a poor little rat to the amer.lady. He always call me a little rat in private & I didn’t mind. But if he called me it to her, I think he doesn’t love me anymore.”

3) Expressive component emphasizes & intensifies the meaning of the word. Exp. component can be achieved by the variety of the ways:

a) it can be based on a transference of meaning, based on images. E.g. “Life was not made merely to be slaved away”.

b) expressiveness can be based on intensification of some quality with the help of intensifying adjectives & adverbs. E.g. awfully happy, terribly nice, dead tired, terrible dinner.

c) expressiveness can be based on deviation from the norm, when l-ge units are combined with violation of grammar rules. f.e. sweet sorrow.

4) Stylistic component marks the reference of the word to a certain situation of communication.(formal/unfml, med.,low..)

Date: 2015-12-11; view: 1529