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LSSD (V.A. Kukharenko)
RECURRENCE: Simile, Climax, Periphrasis: Simile: Is a figure of speech based on similarity of objects belonging to different semantic groups: “A style without metaphor and simile is to me like a day without the sun, or woodland without birds” (Lucas) “Sometimes she seemed invisible like peace”(Gr.Green) Simile consists of 3 components: 1) tenor ( the object, which is compared); 2) vehicle (the object or the notion, with which tenor is being compared; 3) tertium comparationis ( the basis of comparison, the group of words, having the qualities of both components: tenor and vehicle). “They make an impression easily like a ship in water”. Tertium comparationis denotes a feature, quality, action, impression or attitude. The formal markers are: like;as…as; as though ;as if;such as; seem. Stylistic functions: Evokes fresh images; 2) reveals the author’s attitude, when it is original (fresh). Traditional simile is trite, hackneyed and is regarded a phraseological unit: as thin as a rake; as fresh as a daisy; as drunk as a lord. Periphrasis is the use of a longer phrase with descriptive epithets instead of a short and simple form of expressing the same thought. Periphrasis is: a) Logical (The author of one’s being – father) b) Figurative (“His studio is full of the mute evidences of his failure” – pictures) c) Euphemistic :“He has the sun very strong in his eyes” ( being drunk). “I am thinking an unmentionable thing about your mother “(vulgar). It both names and describes the object, expressing the author’s attitude ironically, humorously and metaphorically. Climax (gradation): Homogeneous members are arranged in ascending or descending scale, reaching climax or the highest (the lowest) point of intensity or expressiveness: “Walls – palaces – half – cities, have been reared”. “He was numbed. He wanted to weep, to vomit, to die, to sink away”.(A.B.) Climax is marked by parallelism, enumeration and repetition. “The liar! The brute! The monster! (Emotive climax, ascending scale) “ Not a word, Sam – not a syllable!”(D.) (Descending scale) CONTRAST:: Recurrence Antithesis, Anticlimax Litotes Antithesis: an opposition or contrast of ideas arranged structurally as parallel constructions. ANTITHESIS is a semantic opposition emphasized in similar structures, often involving 2 antonyms: Don’t use big words. They mean so little. (O.W.) Antithesis: an opposition or contrast of ideas arranged structurally as parallel constructions: “Youth is full of pleasance, age is full of care…” ANTICLIMAX (BATHOS) is the reverse of climax or defeated expectancy: He was unconsolable – for an afternoon. (G.) This was appalling – and soon forgotten. (G.) Anticlimax causes a humorous or ironic effect due to the sudden break in the accumulation of logical or emotional importance of the utterance. “Early rise and early to bed makes a male healthy and wealthy and dead” (T.Thurber) Lecture 8-9 Functional stylistics 1. Functional styles: general characteristics, different classifications of functional styles. The group of bookish styles. The group of colloquial styles. Date: 2015-12-11; view: 1345
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