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Contextual meaning is accidental and it is imposed by and depends on the context;

An outline.

1. Semantic structure of a word:

A) Denotative and connotative meanings as a factor of style;

B) Contextual meaning and its stylistic function;

C) The theory of opposition; polysemy and synonymy.

2. Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary:

A) Formal layer of the English vocabulary;

B) Informal layer of the English vocabulary.

Stylistic lexicology studies stylistic functions of the lexicon, the interrelations of denotative and connotative meanings of a word and stylistic stratification of the vocabulary.

The linguistic unit of major significance is a word which names, qualifies and evaluates the extra linguistic reality.

A word is a unit of language functioning within the sentence or within a part of it which by its sound or graphical form expresses a concrete or abstract notion or a grammatical notion through one of its meanings and which is capable of enriching its semantic structure by acquiring new meanings and losing old ones. It possesses an enormous potentiality for generating new meanings; (I.R.G.:62, 66)

A word is a speech unit used for the purposes of human communication, materially representing a group of sounds, possessing a meaning, susceptible to grammatical employment and characterised by formal and semantic unity. (Antrushina:10)

“A word is a basic unit of a language, which denotes a concept and expresses emotions and relations”. (Meillet)

A concept is an abstract or general idea of some phenomenon of objective reality also comprising subjective feelings and emotions of human beings.

A word expresses a concept by its meanings. Each meaning denotes a separate concept.

Meaning is the unity of generalization, communication and thinking possessing an expanded semantic structure.

(L. Vygotsky)

Prof. Galperin’s classification of the semantic structure of a word comprises:

LOGICAL

NOMINAL

EMOTIVE meanings.

Logical (referential) or denotative meaning is the precise naming of a feature, idea, phenomenon or object: E.g.: friend, mate, chum, pal, buddy are united by the same denotative meaning.

Nominal meaning nominates an object. It is referred to proper nouns: Mr. Black, Mr. Hope. It serves the purpose of singling out one definite and singular object out of a whole class of similar objects: E.g. Browning, Taylor, Scotland, Black, Chandler, Chester.

Emotive meaning also materializes a concept in the word, but, unlike logical meaning, it has reference not directly to things or phenomena of objective reality, but to the feelings and emotions of the speaker towards these thighs or to his emotions as such.

Emotive meaning (coloring) can be usual or occasional. A girl (tart, broad, bird) might be referred to one and the same person to portray the character’s respect or disrespect towards the girl.

Contextual meaning is accidental and it is imposed by and depends on the context;



E.g. : 1.”His face is red at first and then goes white and his eyes stare as if they’ll pop out of his head.”

2. “Would you like me to pop downstairs and make you a cup of cocoa?”(S.B.)

Contextual meaning of words in poetry serves the purposes of stylistic convergence: This bread I break was once the oat, /This wine upon a foreign tree/ Plunged in its fruit; - (eat - : to administer or participate in Holy Communion (D.Th.)Awake ye sons of Spain, awake, arise! (Byron) - (arise - revolt).

Classification of the semantic structure according to Leningrad school of stylistics:


Date: 2015-12-11; view: 2342


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Ex.5e) Miming game. Use the nouns and noun phrases you’ve written down to play the miming game (the crocodile) in groups. Choose the best actor/mimer. | Semantic structure of a word (Prof. I.V.Arnold) consists of DENOTATIVE and CONNOTATIVE meanings.
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