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Hack 98. Monkey See, Monkey Do
We mimic accents, gestures, and mannerisms without even noticing, and it seems it's the mere act of perception that triggers it. We're born imitators, even without knowing we're doing it. I have a British accent, but whenever I spend a couple of weeks in North America, I start to pick up the local pronunciation. It's the same with hanging around certain groups of friends and ending up using words common in that group without realizing I'm picking them up. Imitation doesn't require immersion in a culture. You can start mirroring people's movements without realizing it in moments.
In Action I find a lot of psychology experiments a little mean, because they often involve telling the participants the experiment is about one thing, when actually it's about something else entirely. Tanya Chartrand and John Bargh's experiments on what they dub the Chameleon Effect fall into this category of keeping the participants in the dark (but are harmless enough not to be mean).1 Chartrand and Bargh had volunteers take part in a dummy task of describing photographs while sitting in pairs, taking turns looking at each photo and speaking outloud their free associations. What the volunteers didn't know was that describing the photographs wasn't the point of the experiment and that their partner wasn't a volunteer but a confederate in league with the experiment organizers. The confederate exhibited some subtle behavior, either rubbing his face or shaking his foot for the 10-minute duration of the experiment. What the experimenters were actually watching was how often a subject would rub her own face or shake her own footultimately, how much a person could have her behavior influenced by the confederate, a person she hadn't met before and had no requirement to be friends with. The answer: behavior is influenced a lot. Sitting with a face-rubbing confederate, a volunteer would rub her own face once every 100 seconds, on average. Normally, away from exposure to face-rubbing, she'd have about 30 seconds longer between touches. The results are similar and more dramatic for foot shakinga doubling of shaking from just over once every 3 minutes to once every 80 seconds, just while sitting for about 10 minutes with someone who is shaking his foot every so often. Given that this works, you've a chance to be rather mean. Next time you're in a café with friends, or at dinner, try scratching or touching your face and see what happens. Triggering a very particular response like a nose scratch may be rarer, but you can definitely get whoever you're with to do a bit of face touching. You can be quite subtle too. In the experiments, the subjects were asked whether they'd noticed any standout behavior from the confederates: they hadn't. So it's not a matter of deliberate mimicry.
How It Works Nonconscious imitation isn't limited to gestures. We adopt the same tone of voice and even the same sentence structure as conversational partners, and so in this way couples who have been married for a long time really do come to resemble each other.2
So why imitate? That's still an open question. It may simply be part of the mechanism we use to perceive other people. Anything we perceive has to have some kind of representation in the brainotherwise it wouldn't be a perceptionand so there are representations of straight edges, faces, colors, and so on. There are also single neurons that activate when a very specific action takes place: grasping and pushing with your hand activate two different neurons. What's remarkable is that these same neurons activate when you simply see somebody else doing the same movement, even if you're not doing it yourself.4 Mirror neurons, found in the frontal cortex, are therefore not just what the brain is doing to tell your hand to grasp or push, they're actually the internal representation of that movement, whether you're perceiving it in yourself or in somebody else. They're the very idea of "grasp," divorced from implementation detail. Now, we know that if you hear a word, the representation of it in your brain causes associated words to be primed [Hack #81] . Hearing the word "water" will mean you're more likely to shout out "river" (which has therefore been primed) than "money" when somebody asks you to free-associate from the word "bank." You don't even need to have had conscious awareness of the word that has primed you [Hack #82] all that matters is the representation of the word being constructed in your brain somehow, not that it makes it through the filter of attention. The same may be true for perceiving gestures and movements of other people. Even though you're not concentrating on their movements, other people do have some kind of representation in your brain, and the way you understand them is in terms of your own mirror neurons. In turn, the mirror neuron for "scratch" is activated and primes that activity next time your hand is idle. Seeing someone scratch, in this model, would make it more probable for you to scratch yourself. I find that even reading about it has the same effect. Are you a little itchy right now? M.W.
In Real Life Whatever the mechanism, the result of two people mirroring each other is clear: mirroring is part of building rapport. If you're a fan of people watching, you can often tell how well two people are getting along by watching very small movements and how shared they aredo the pair you're watching lean back at the same time or synchronize laughing? Try looking round a table and see whether good friends mirror each other more than randomly chosen pairs. It can stand out a lot, when you're looking for it. One big question is why mirroring is such a strong part of rapport. I think the question of why we mirror is a simple answer of learning from the society we're born in. We don't have all the knowledge we need for the world hardwired in our brains from birth; we have to acquire it from those around us, and mirroring is just the tiniest manifestation of that picking up of behavior. T.S.
End Notes 1. Chartrand, T. L., & Bargh, J. A. (1999). The chameleon effect: The perception-behavior link and social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(6), 893-910. This, and other papers by Tanya Chartrand, can be found on the publications page of her web site: http://faculty.fuqua.duke.edu/~tlc10/bio/pdf_articles/article_index.htm. 2. Dijksterhuis, A., & Bargh, J. A. (2001). The perception-behavior expressway: Automatic effects of social perception on social behavior. In M. P. Zanna (ed.). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 1-40. New York: Academic Press. (Highly recommended as a broad and comprehensive review.) 3. O'Toole, R., & Dubin, R. (1968). Baby feeding and body swap: An experiment in George Herberts Mead's "Taking the role of the other." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 59-65. Cited in Dijksterhuis & Bargh (2001).2 4. V. S. Ramachandran, "Mirror Neurons and Imitation Learning as the Driving Force Behind `the Great Leap Forward' in Human Evolution" (http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/ramachandran/ramachandran_p1.html). |
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Hack 99. Spread a Bad Mood Around
 
Have you ever found yourself in a confrontational mood for no reason? It could come down to what you've been reading.
We know our moods are affected by the world around us. It's easy to come home from a day at work when everything's gone wrong and stay grumpy for the rest of the evening. Then there are days when your mood is good or bad for no apparent reason at all. I've had miserable-mood days because I've finished a really great, but sad, novel in the morning and not even connected my mood with the book until that night. Thinking about mood like this, the regular way, makes us consider moods as long-timescale phenomena that we just have to live with, like the weather. Like the weather, moods in this frame seem impenetrable to understanding. Instead, it's good to take a different approach: how do moods begin? What's the smallest thing we can do that has an effect on our mood?
That's what this hack is about, showing that the words we encounter can make us ruder people in a matter of minutesand not words that are meant to elicit a strong emotional response or ones that are taken to heart, but ones in the context of an innocuous word puzzle.
10.8.1. In Action
Puzzles are an excellent way to get people to keep words in mind for a substantial time. One such puzzle is the scrambled sentence test. Given a scrambled sentence of five words, such as "he it hides finds instantly," you have to make as many four-word sentences as you can, as fast as you can.
John Bargh, Mark Chen, and Lara Burrows used this test style1 and incorporated 15 words to do with impolite behavior: "aggressively," "intrude," "brazen," and so on. They also had polite and neutral versions of the test. The subjects were unaware there were different forms of the test at this time and also unaware of the real point of the experiment.
Each subject spent about 5 minutes doing the puzzle, but that (of course) wasn't the point of the experiment. The critical point came when a subject stepped out of the room to say he'd finished, only to see the person running the experiment engaged in conversation. The question was: would he interrupt? Only just over 15% of those who'd been puzzling over polite words interrupted within 10 minutes, while of those who'd been using words like "obnoxious," more than 60%four times as manyinterrupted in that same 10-minute period.
Participants who did interrupt also did so faster if they'd been using the words about impoliteness: they took an average of 51/2 minutes to intrude versus more than 9 minutes for everyone else, even when you discounted the 85% of the politely primed group who didn't interrupt at all.
You can try a more subjective version of this procedure by using a technique called the Velten Procedure2 to automatically induce moods in groups of people, then see if you can spot the difference. This technique uses, as developed by Velten in the 1960s, sheets of paper full of either positive or negative statements. So make a bunch of copies of two sets of statements (there are some samples online at http://www.dur.ac.uk/m.j.eacott/cogmem3.txt). The positive page should say things like "I am a worthwhile person," "I feel good about myself," and "People like me." The negative one should have phrases like "Nothing I do ever turns out right," "People feel contempt for me," and "I am a bad person."
Choose a sheet and read it to yourself for 5 minutes. By the time you finish, you really will feel happier or glummer. It's amazing how strong the effect is.
The effect is stronger still with a roomful of people. So, find such a room, and leave everybody with a positive Velten and tell them to read it to themselves for 5 minutes. When you come back, everyone should be jubilant. But try leaving another group the negative Velten. The atmosphere will be distinctly cold on your return. It goes to show the importance of social feedback in creating and amplifying mood.
In my final year of college, I made myself a "study Velten" to take to the library: "I like revising," "My concentration is in top form today," "Nothing will distract me from work today."
T.S.
10.8.2. How It Works
The experiment goes to show that only 5 minutes of manipulating wordsjust words, not personal commentary or difficult situationshas a noticeable effect on behavior. It's a variety of concept priming [Hack #81], in which reading words associated with a particular concept subtly brings that concept to mind, from where it enters your thoughts at some point in the future.
What's true for words bringing word concepts to mind is also true for face rubbing or foot jiggling [Hack #98] . Merely perceiving someone else performing the action activates the concept of that action in your brain, and it becomes more likely.
Bargh et al., with the scrambled sentence test influencing politeness, and the Velten Procedure, both show that there's a crossover between words and behavior. There's a commonality between how the meaning of impoliteness, written down, is represented in the brain, and the representation of the behavior of being impolite. Precisely how this works, we don't know, only that the effect can be observed.
Something to be aware of is that negative emotions are contagious (we already know that emotions are picked up just from observation [Hack #95] ), so a whole bad-tempered exchange can be triggered subliminally by something quite irrelevent.
Chen and Bargh3 did another experiment involving pairs of people playing a guessing game together. One of the pair had been subliminally shown pictures that would put her in a hostile mood.
In carefully controlled circumstances, tapes of the guessing game interaction were listened to, and the participants' behavior rated. Three things were discovered: people who had been subliminally activated as hostile (using pictures they couldn't consciously see) were indeed judged to be more hostile. The partners in the guessing game, encountering this hostility, themselves became more hostile. And finally, both participants judged the other as more hostile than they would have done if the subliminal exposure had not taken place.
All of this happens more or less automatically. Our moods are governed by what we encounter; if we're not looking out for it, we don't even get a say on whether to accept the influence or not.
10.8.3. In Real Life
Let's say you have a meeting scheduled at which you know you're going to have to put your foot down. There's no reason you shouldn't have a Make Me Angry application to subliminally flash angry faces on your monitor for 5 minutes beforehand, if you really want to step into that encounter in a bad mood. Is this any different from talking yourself up before a big meeting or game?
One specific detail of Chen and Bargh's experiment on contagious hostility should give us serious pause. To invoke the hostile mood, the experimenters used faces that activated a racial stereotype in the participants. Given we walk slower having considered the stereotype of the elderly [Hack #100], the fact that a stereotype can affect us deeply isn't a surprise, but that it's a racial stereotype is saddening. Chen and Bargh performed this experiment to show that this kind of racial stereotyping is a self-fulfilling prophecy. If you anticipate someone is going to be hostile, you become so yourself, and you infect the other person with that mood. Your stereotype is thus reinforced, without having any necessary basis in truth to begin with. It's alarmingly easy to push people into roles without realizing it and to find our own prejudices confirmed.
10.8.4. End Notes
1. Bargh, J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 230-244.
2. Velten, E. (1968). A laboratory task for induction of mood states. Behavior Research and Therapy, 6, 473-482.
3. Chen, M., & Bargh, J. A. (1997). Nonconscious behavioral confirmation processes: The self-fulfilling consequences of automatic stereotype activation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 541-560.
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Hack 100. You Are What You Think
Thinking about how certain stereotypes behave can make you walk slower or get a higher score in a general knowledge quiz.
The concept of priming [Hack #93] runs all the way through explanations of how perception influences behavior. Subliminal perception of photographs can prime you to prefer those photos in the future [Hack #82], and simply spending time with someone who is, say, rubbing his face can infect you with his mannerism [Hack #98] . It's not necessary to consciously perceive the photographs or the gestures for them to automatically alter our behavior.
Nowhere is this truer than in exemplar activation: being exposed to ideas of stereotypes of people (the exemplars), not even the people themselves, will prime the characteristic traits of those people, and you'll begin to act in that way. It's very odd, and very cool.
10.9.1. In Action
Here's what John Bargh, Mark Chen, and Lara Burrows did1: they gave 30 psychology undergraduates word puzzles to do (undergraduates are the raw material for most psychology studies). In half of the experiments, the puzzles included words associated with the elderly, like "careful," "wise," "ancient," and "retired." In the other half, all the puzzle words were neutral and not deliberately associated with any single concept. Immediately after individual students had completed the puzzle, they were free to go.
Bargh and team timed, using a hidden stopwatch, how long it took each undergraduate to walk down the corridor to the elevator. Students who had been given the puzzle featuring elderly related words took, on average, a whole second longer to make the walkan increase from 7.3 to 8.3 seconds. They had picked up one of the perceived traits of the elderly: slower walking speed.
10.9.2. How It Works
The specifics of how exemplar activation works is still an open question, but the basic mechanism is the same as how we pick up mannerisms [Hack #98] . It's a feature of the brain that perceiving something requires activating some kind of physical representation of the thing being perceived: simply making that representation primes that behavior, making us more likely to do what we see. Exemplar activation takes this a little further than we're used to, because it's the reading of wordsin an apparently unrelated task to walking along the corridorthat primes the concept of "the elderly," which then goes on to influence behavior. But the principle is the same.
Slow walking is only the half the story, though. Ap Dijskerhuis and Ad van Knippenberg2 performed similar experiments. Instead of influencing their subjects with an "elderly" stereotype, they set up an experiment in which participants had to spend 5 minutes describing either professors or secretaries. (The subjects, again, were undergraduates.)
This time the experiment measured general knowledge, so the next stage of the experiment had the subjects answering Trivial Pursuit questions. They weren't aware the two stages were connected.
What happened is almost unbelievable: subjects who had previously described professorsknown for their perceived intelligenceattained, on average, 60% correct answers, against 46% for the people who had to describe secretaries.
It could be that people who have been considering the professor stereotype are more likely to trust their own judgment; the particular attribute of this stereotype that is causing the response isn't really known. The people exposed to the secretary stereotype didn't do any worse than they should have done: compared to people who hadn't been primed at all, they got about the same number of questions correct and worked their way through the questionnaire in only 6 minutes (compared to an 8-minute average). So in this case it turns out that both stereotypes have good qualities going for them. Secretaries are efficient. But it isn't always the case that stereotypes are positive.
People who identify with groups commonly stereotyped to be poor at math tend to do worse at math tests when their membership in that group is made relevant immediately before the test, as with a checkbox at the top of the test that asks them to indicate their ethnic identity or gender.3
Fortunately, it is possible to counteract this kind of exemplar activation. If you were in this situation, the activation can be overridden by reasserting yourself against the stereotype. Women who have been explicitly told that the math test they are about to do shows no gender bias don't underperformit's the subtle, nonconscious stereotyping that has a real effect (like having to tick a box at the top of the page), causing people who identify with a commonly stereotyped group to take on the stereotype assumption, even if incorrect. Once thinking about the stereotype and the effects it might have is made conscious, the bias disappears.
These exemplar activation experiments are as challenging as any you'll find in psychology. Word puzzles about the elderly slow your walking speed (and actually your reaction time too); just focusing on the stereotype of a professor for 5 minutes makes you better at general knowledge. But it also reinforces the stereotype: people who already hold that identity are pushed into their pigeonholes. Our need to conform runs deep, even when it's against our best interests. But in those cases, concentrating on your individuality is all you need to push back.
10.9.3. End Notes
1. Bargh J. A., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). Automaticity of social behavior: Direct effects of trait construct and stereotype activation on action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 230-244.
2. Dijksterhuis, A., & van Knippenberg, A. (1998). The relation between perception and behavior, or how to win a game of trivial pursuit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(4), 865-877.
3. Dijksterhuis, A., & Bargh, J. A. (2001). The perception-behavior expressway: Automatic effects of social perception on social behavior. In M. P. Zanna (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 1-40. New York: Academic Press.
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| Colophon Our look is the result of reader comments, our own experimentation, and feedback from distribution channels. Distinctive covers complement our distinctive approach to technical topics, breathing personality and life into potentially dry subjects. The tool on the cover of Mind Hacks is an incandescent light bulb. While many assume that Thomas Alva Edison invented the light bulb in 1879, Edison's actual achievement was to advance the design of the light bulb from a patent he purchased in 1875 from Canadian inventors Henry Woodward and Matthew Evans. Edison's improvement was to place a carbon filament in a vacuum bulb, which then burned for 40 hours. An English chemist, Humphrey Davy, invented the first electric light-an arc lamp-by connecting two wires to a battery and attaching a strip of charcoal in the middle of the circuit. Other inventors continued to make various incremental improvements in such areas as the filaments and the process for creating a vacuum in the bulb, but in 1879, Edison developed a triple threat: a carbon filament, lower voltage, and an improved vacuum in the bulb. In 1882, Pearl Street Station, in New York City, was the first central electricity-generating station constructed to support the light bulb invention. Although the alternating-current method of generating electricity proposed by Nikola Tesla proved to be the superior technical solution, Edison was engaged in a battle for control of America's electric infrastructure. Edison declared that his direct current system was safe and that alternating current was a deadly menace. But in 1893, when alternating current was used at the Chicago World's Fair to light 100,000 incandescent lightbulbs, the nearly 27 million people who attended the Columbian Exposition saw the safe and impressive demonstration of that technology. The event signaled the demise of direct current systems in the United States. Sarah Sherman was the production editor and proofreader for Mind Hacks, and Norma Emory was the copyeditor. Meghan Lydon provided production assistance. Mary Anne Weeks Mayo and Emily Quill provided quality control. Lucie Haskins wrote the index. Hanna Dyer designed the cover of this book, based on a series design by Edie Freedman. The cover image is an original photograph. Clay Fernald produced the cover layout with QuarkXPress 4.1 using Adobe's Helvetica Neue and ITC Garamond fonts. David Futato designed the interior layout. This book was converted by Julie Hawks to FrameMaker 5.5.6 with a format conversion tool created by Erik Ray, Jason McIntosh, Neil Walls, and Mike Sierra that uses Perl and XML technologies. The text font is Linotype Birka; the heading font is Adobe Helvetica Neue Condensed; and the code font is LucasFont's TheSans Mono Condensed. The illustrations that appear in the book were produced by Robert Romano and Jessamyn Read using Macromedia FreeHand MX and Adobe Photoshop CS. This colophon was written by Reg Aubry. The online edition of this book was created by the Safari production group (John Chodacki, Becki Maisch, and Madeleine Newell) using a set of Frame-to-XML conversion and cleanup tools written and maintained by Erik Ray, Benn Salter, John Chodacki, and Jeff Liggett. |
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| Index [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [Y] [Z] |
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| Index [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [Y] [Z] acceleration AceReader Pro 2nd action [See also behavior] [See also behavior] attention and conscious controlling movements during efference copy of neurons and object affordances and perception and 2nd self-caused action potentials active vision acute phase response 2nd adaptation defined overview perception and Adelson, Ted adjustment [See adaptation] adrenaline advertising fluency and gaze direction and status quo bias and subliminal messages and affective system 2nd affordances 2nd aftereffects adaptation and motion 2nd agency detecting experiencing Aglioti, Savatore alpha waves 2nd 3rd American Psychological Association amplitude amygdala cool memory system and emotions and 2nd 3rd location of anchors anger 2nd animals conditioning and hippocampus and looming objects and optic lobe photoreceptors in pointing and pop-out and value of experimentation animation/animacy of objects static pictures and visual process and anomolous motion anterior cingulate Anzai, Akiyuki apparent motion Aristotle's Illusion arrows, as symbols association between concepts 2nd 3rd Chameleon Effect and implying memories and 2nd 3rd priming words teaching to animals atmospheric perspective 2nd 3rd attention allocating 2nd avoiding holes in blindness to changes changes in scale and counting faster detail and limits of dividing across locations dopamine and as a filter frontal cortex and gaze and 2nd grabbing inhibition of return as mental process object intensity and perception and 2nd 3rd 4th 5th peripheral vision and saccades and 2nd shifting startle response and stopped clock illusion and superior colliculus and video games and attentional blink overview shortening 2nd 3rd attentional capture attentional resolution attentional set audition overview timing and auditory [See hearing] auditory adaptation auditory cortex autokinetic effect automatic grouping automaticity autopilot autotopagnosia axons 2nd |
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| Index [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [Y] [Z] Bach, Michael 2nd Bacon, Francis balance broken escalator and 2nd overview Bardel, William Bargh, John 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th basal ganglia 2nd basilar membrane 2nd Bavelier, Daphne 2nd 3rd behavior [See also action] [See also action] Chameleon Effect grouping objects by mirroring predicting future 2nd voluntary words and 2nd behaviorism 2nd Bell, Vaughan 2nd 3rd 4th Bem, Daryl beta waves 2nd beta-adrenergic receptors biases avoiding risks crossing senses and 2nd estimating numbers and in reasoning status quo binding problem binocular vision biological motion detection 2nd Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne blind spot awareness of mapping for motion optic nerve and blindness change 2nd daily inattention 2nd TMS and blinking, startle response and 2nd blood brain and cognitive function and magnetic features of measuring flow of retina and body schema 2nd BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent) fMRI Bornstein, Robert brain [See also neuropsychology] as association machine common labels how it works split-brain patients unused potential brain cells [See neurons] brain imaging research action-relevant objects and basic emotions and landmarks and movement and location on hemispheres perceiving biological motion and tempero-parietal junction and 10% myth and brainstem defined locating sounds and sleep and branding techniques brightness [See also light] [See also light] defined inhibition of return and luminancy differences Pulfrich Effect and Broca's area 2nd Broca, Paul broken escalator phenomenon Brown, Andrew 2nd Bunday, Karen Burrows, Lara 2nd 3rd 4th |
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| Index [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [Y] [Z] caffeine habit Calisham, Tara candela carotid pulse 2nd Carruthers, Peter 2nd Cartesian theater categorical perception categorization 2nd cause and effect 2nd central nervous system dura mater overview tour of cerebellum action-relevant objects and defined as old brain self-generated touch and cerebral blood flow cerebral cortex 2nd 3rd cerebral lobes [See also frontal lobe occipital lobe parietal lobe temporal lobe] [See also frontal lobe occipital lobe parietal lobe temporal lobe] cerebrum defined inferior temporal lobe and overview striate and Chabris, Christopher Chameleon Effect change blindness to 2nd resisting channel decorrelation Chartrand, Tanya cheaters, detecting checker shadow illusion Chen, Mark 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Cheshire Cat experiment Choudhury, Suparna classical conditioning classification 2nd closure grouping principle cochlea 2nd cocking head coffee cognitive (experimental) psychology defined priming and reverse engineering and 2nd 3rd cognitive neuroscience 2nd 3rd coherence coincidence 2nd collision detection color abacus and allocating attention and categorical perception and cones and 2nd confusing identification depth cues and 2nd flash-lag effect and negative priming for parvocellular pathway and peripheral vision and 2nd 3rd rods and 2nd stepping feet illusion and VSTM and common fate communication emotional cues and via facial expression hand gestures for protolanguage and compatibility effect computers apparent motion and delays entering characters memory and 2nd Simon Effect and concentration attention and contextual interference effect and Stroop Effect and concepts associations between 2nd 3rd priming conditioned response conditioned stimulus 2nd conditioning classical operant placebo effect and cones 2nd 3rd conflict resolution conscious awareness/consciousness accessibility of Cartesian theater and hypnagogic state and memory and out-of-body experiences overview 2nd priming and subliminal perception and consistency maintaining 2nd of thought and action 2nd contagious hostility context boosting memory and memory recall and 2nd contextual interference effect 2nd continuation grouping principle contrast "cool" system coordination of emotions training for corpus callosum 2nd corrugator muscles cortex [See also motor cortex sensory cortex visual cortex] [See also motor cortex sensory cortex visual cortex] cerebral 2nd 3rd cognition and description EEG and frontal hemispheres and human functions and integration and 2nd limbic system and maps of parietal 2nd 3rd posterior orbitofrontal posterior parietal 2nd premotor saccadic suppression and sensory processing and somatosensory 2nd 3rd 4th subcortex and 2nd tempero-parietal junction temporal 2nd TMS and V3 and verbal fluency tasks and visual processing and Cosmides, Leda countershading counting 2nd creativity 2nd critical lure crossed hands illusion 2nd crossmodal interactions 2nd 3rd |
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| Index [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [Y] [Z] D'Agostino, Paul darker-than-background Darwin, Charles 2nd dead phone illusion deceleration decision-making neurons and Pieron's Law and self-caused actions and spinal cord and deductive reasoning Deese/Roediger/McDermott (DRM) paradigm 2nd defense mechanisms feeling better and flinching as triggers for 2nd delta waves dendrites Dennett, Daniel 2nd deontic logic depth neurons and perceiving Pulfrich Effect 3D shapes and 2nd Digskerhuis, Ap direction detecting for sound object animacy and Simon Effect and disgust 2nd 3rd distortion 2nd dizziness Donders, Franciscus dopamine Dornfest, Rael dorsal stream dreaming Driver, Jon driving experiment 2nd DRM (Deese/Roediger/McDermott) paradigm 2nd Duplex Theory of sound localization dura mater |
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| Index [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [Y] [Z] Eagleman, David ear balance and basilar membrane and components of vestibular-ocular reflex Eastwood, John Ebbinghaus illusion 2nd echoes EEG (electroencephalogram) hypnagogic state and 2nd overview 2nd purpose of self-caused actions and strength training and effectors, nerves and efference copy Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Irenäus Eimer, Martin Ekman, Paul 2nd electrical impulses [See signals] electroencephalogram [See EEG] EMG (electromyogram) 2nd emoticons 2nd 3rd 4th emotions basic contagious nature of coordinated cortex and happiness limbic system and memory and recognizing signaling endowment effect Engelbart, Douglas 2nd enzymes, neurotransmitters and epilepsy electrical activity and out-of-body experience and split-brain patients and epinephrine (adrenaline) episodic memory Erdos number Erdos, Paul 2nd 3rd escalators, broken ESP estimating low-frequency events and numbers Evans, Dylan events demarcating boundaries of emotional stimuli estimating low-frequency false memory of 2nd memory of perception of evolutionary psychology 2nd evolutionary theory exclusivity 2nd executive system exemplar activation experimental psychology [See cognitive psychology] extelligence eyes hearing with hemispheres and moving tracking movement of variant eye chart 2nd Eyetrack III project |
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| Index [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [Y] [Z] faces analyzing parts of fixation and 2nd hypnagogic state and mimicry and noticing object recognition and priming processing recognizing 2nd 3rd shadows and tweaking muscles fake familiarity 2nd false memories 2nd 3rd familiarity fake 2nd false memory and priming and fear 2nd 3rd feedback, motor control and 2nd feedforward, motor control and filter attention as marginal sounds and firing up 2nd fixation defined gap effect and looking at a face 2nd peripheral vision and reading example fixational movements 2nd flash-lag effect flashbacks, PSTD and FlashWare flickering flinching 2nd fluent processing (fluency) 2nd fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) basic emotions and hypnagogic state and overview 2nd oxygenated blood and purpose of visual feedback and focus depth cues and on details grabbing attention 2nd negative priming and random drift in voluntary force prediction 2nd forebrain forward model 2nd fovea (retina) color vision and constant sampling mapping and proportion of rods and signals and visual resolution and Fradera, Alex 2nd framing effect frequency harmonics and localizing noise and MRIs and overestimating and probability statistics and 2nd sound and 2nd frob frontal cortex frontal lobe action-relevant objects and Broca's area and 2nd carotid arteries and memory and overview verbal fluency tasks and functional magnetic resonance imaging [See fMRI] fundamental of sound wave fusiform facial area 2nd fusiform gyrus |
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| Index [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [Y] [Z] gagging reflex gamma waves gap effect gaze direction Gazzaniga, Michael Geller, Uri gender emotional information and perceiving 2nd 3rd 4th social dynamics and gestalt grouping principles Gibson, J. J. 2nd Gillmeister, Helge glial cells glucocorticoid glucose 2nd Goldstein, Bruce Goodale, Melvyn Google search engine 2nd grammar left hemisphere and phrases and sentences and 2nd gray matter Green, Shawn 2nd 3rd Grobstein, Paul grouping principles overview seeing people |
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| Index [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [Y] [Z] Haas Effect habituation hair cells 2nd Hakulinen, Jaakko Hall, Monty hallucinations 2nd 3rd hand gestures handedness, testing happiness 2nd harmonics 2nd head, cocking hearing detecting timing by with eyes mapping midbrain and role of temporal lobe and timing and hemispheres [See also left hemisphere right hemisphere] [See also left hemisphere right hemisphere] asymmetry in 2nd corpus callosum and cortex and defined lateral geniculate nucleus and overview paranormal beliefs and Hermer-Vazquez, Linda hindbrain hippocampus emotional system and glucocorticoid and limbic system and 2nd memory storage and PSTD and purpose of temporal lobe and hiragana Hon, Adrian horizon of simultaneity hostility, contagious "hot" system hydrocephalus hypercolumns hypnagogic state hypnopompic state hypothalamus 2nd |
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| Index [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [Y] [Z] ideomotor effect imagination activating change blindness and detecting sounds and hypnagogic state and mental space out-of-body experiences perceived events PSTD and strength training and imitation [See mimicry] inattention blindness 2nd inductive reasoning inferior temporal cortex 2nd inhibition of return 2nd insula 2nd integration attention across locations color identification combining modalities cortex and feeling more location responses McGurk Effect sound and vision talking to self and thrown voices intensity, object interaural level difference interaural time difference interleaved learning intuition |
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| Index [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [Y] [Z] James, William Jarrett, Christian 2nd 3rd Jeffress Model joint attention 2nd |
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| Index [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [Y] [Z] Kare, Susan Katnelson, Alla Kitaoka, Akiyoshi 2nd 3rd Kitazawa, Shigeru Klee, Paul Kleffner, D. A. 2nd Klein, Raymond known size Kohler, Wolfgang |
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| Index [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [Y] [Z] landmarks 2nd language brain processing cortex and ease of relearning frontal lobe and hemispheres and as mental process overview phonemes and phrases and as recombinant right hemisphere and simultaneous processing and talking to self and temporal lobe and thought and Wada test and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) lateral occipital complex (LOC) lateral thinking lateralisation launching paradigm learning amygdala and associative form of conditioning and gaze and glucocorticoid and hippocampus and interleaved variability in people and left hemisphere corpus callosum and description handedness and language and 2nd overview random patterns touch and vision left-handedness Levin, Daniel 2nd LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus) light [See also brightness] [See also brightness] atmospheric perspective and biased information binding problem changes in checker shadow illusion cones and flash-lag effect fovea and grabbing attention with motion and neurons and phi phenomenon photoreceptors and 2nd Pieron's Law 2nd 3rd processing speed for retina and 2nd 3rd rods and seeing people and 2nd shadows and 2nd 3rd lighting up limbic system amygdala and defined emotions and hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus posterior orbitofrontal cortex LOC (lateral occipital complex) location attention across direction and importance of information inhibition of return and method of loci and motion aftereffect and negative priming for perception of responses and thrown voices and vision and 2nd logic 2nd 3rd looming instinct looming objects luminancy lure, critical |
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| Index [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [Y] [Z] Maas¿, Arnt magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 2nd magnocellular pathway coarse information and LGN and motion information and 2nd Marois, Rene Mcfarland, Dorian McGurk Effect McGurk, Harry meaning units of words and memory biological motion and boosting confabulations and consciousness and cortex and creating false dopamine and emotions and eyewitness fake familiarity and habituation of hippocampus and item completion test learning and as mental process method of loci and reading and sources for temporal lobe and visual short-term 2nd memory cuing 2nd mental imagery [See imagination] mental interest mental rotation mere exposure method of loci Metzler, Jacqueline Michotte, Albert midbrain defined Jeffress Model and looming objects and superior colliculus and middle temporal gyrus (MT) Milner, David mimicry exemplar activation and expressions and 2nd 3rd mannerisms and overview mind [See also remembering] [See also remembering] parasitizing 2nd potential of reading tricking half of mind's eye mirror neurons 2nd missing fundamental illusion modality mondegreens mood perceiving 2nd 3rd 4th right hemisphere and spreading testing morphemes MOT (multiple object tracking) motion [See movement] motion aftereffect 2nd 3rd motion extrapolation motion sickness motor cortex hemispheres and musicians and somatosensory cortex and 2nd speech and movement [See also saccades] [See also saccades] adaptation to allocating attention to 2nd body image and broken escalator and Cheshire Cat experiment common fate and depth cues and dopamine and eye tracking devices fixational 2nd flash-lag effect forward model ideomotor effect and mirror neurons and motion aftereffect 2nd 3rd motion sickness and motor control 2nd neurons and object animacy objects triggering perception of 2nd Pulfrich Effect and rotating snakes illusion seeing people with sensations and shadows/light and signals and stopped clock illusion vestibular system and visual resolution and 2nd of wheels MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) 2nd Muller-Lyer illusion multiple constraints multiple object tracking (MOT) muscles contextual interference effect and strength training and tweaking facial music 2nd myelin/myelination 2nd |
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| Index [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [Y] [Z] names, recalling naming consultants negative priming 2nd 3rd nerve cells [See neurons] nerves corpus callosum and optic photoreceptors and signals and spinal cord and neural noise neuroimaging mental rotation and on analyzing faces purpose of tickling machine and neurons actions and adaptation and 2nd atrophy of auditory timing and binary nature of coincidence-detector decision-making and defined deoxygenated blood and EEG and electrical impulses and 2nd 3rd 4th glial cells and as gray matter hypercolumns and information encoding and looming objects and memory and 2nd mirror 2nd motion aftereffect and motion and neurotransmitters and PET and polysensory prevalence of priming and Pulfrich Effect and representational maps and stimuli and synchronization of firing timing information and visual cortex and neuropsychology overview purpose of 2nd testing executive system neuroscience binding problem defined fMRI and habituation experiment on hemispheres signaling emotions and neurotransmitters caffeine and defined electrical impulses and enzymes and Nicholls, Neville noise localizing marginal sounds and neural variability in people and norepinephrine noticing, act of noun phrases 2nd nuclei nucleus accumbens numbers, estimating |
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| Index [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [Y] [Z] object files 2nd objects agency in animacy of attention and common fate endowment effect grouping 2nd known size and looming mental imagery of motion and multiple object tracking occlusion-based cues and perspective-based cues and proximity and intensity recognizing subitizing synchronizing in time triggering movement occipital lobe carotid arteries and fusiform gyrus overview visual processing and occlusion depth cues and object tracking and 2nd 3rd offside rule, flash-lag effect and onomatopoeic words OpenEEG operant conditioning 2nd optic chiasm 2nd optic lobe optic nerve Oristaglio, Jeffrey ossciles Ouchi illusion out-of-body experiences ownership, sense of oxygen, brain and 2nd |
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| Hack 95. Make Yourself Happy | | | All the Materials you need are in this starter pack. |