A. attributive relative

- restrictive/descriptive): / think my father is the best man I have ever known.

- non-restrictive: In this room, which was never used, a light was burning.

B. attributive appositive

He stopped in the hope that she would speak.

5. Adverbial clause that has many types:

a. Time (when, while, as, until, before, after, since, as soon as, whenever)

b. Place (where, wherever)

c. Cause (because, as, since)

d. Result (so that, so)

e. Purpose (that, in order to, so that)

f. Condition (if, in case, unless, once)

g. Concession (though, although, even if, even though, whatever, however, no matter what)
h. Exception (except that)

i. Manner and comparison (than, as, as ... as, not so, as if, as though, like)

TEXT GRAMMAR

Text as a linguistic unit was recognized very recently. Before that the largest grammatically arranged unit was sentence. Later it was shown that sentences in speech do not exist independently. They are interconnected semantically and syntactically. Text is not a number of consequent sentences but a syntactic unity arranged accordingly to certain rules.

In 1970 text linguistics appeared. Text was studied by Tony Van Deik, Halliday, Vetvitska, Арутюнова, Чахоян.

The main problem of text linguistics is concerned with the rules according to which a text is composed. The text is a whole in two aspects:

1. it has semantic (inward) connection.

2. syntactic (outward) connection

The text is a siquence of lingv. voc. unit gained together by semant. connection and caracterised by integrity, wholeness and cohesion. Beaugrande and Dressler. The text is communicative occurance, which meets 7 standarts of textuality: cohesion, coherence, intentionality, exeptability, informatability, situatability, intertextuality. 1. Cohesion- is the main text property concerning the surface structure of the text. It’s the connection of text components on the basic of gram.rules and relations(relations between pronoun and antecedent) Following means of c. in Eng. word order, articles and pronouns, forms of verb, recurrence, coordinating conjunctions, clips.2. – concerns the deep structure of the text, it’s the temporal and spacial continuity of events. It incloses meaningfull and phonet. relations of the text.3. defines the intention of the textmaker, to built up a cohesion and coherence and achieve defenite communicative purpose. 4. exeptability as well as intentionality has come from a speech act theory and defines as the expectation of the recepient to get a cohesion and coherence text.5. expresses the theme of the text the new and unexpected information for the text comprehender. 6. reflects the facts, which make the text relavent and for the defenite communicative situation.7. reflects the correlation of the text with a definite type of text & the correlation with other texts. Professor Galperin defines the text as a complet speech act: completness, written form, abstract model, delimitatinon into tital and SPU (supra phrasal unities), cohesion, communicative intention. Moskarskaya 1. superphrasal unity- is gram. organized sequence of sent-s, forming a textual unity 2. speech unity macrotext Speaking ab. cohesion of the text, 2 types of the relation in the text: 1. anaphoric (retrospective) 2. cataphoric connector signals of continuation of speech. Blokh:1) monolog – one sequence directon 2) two sequence direction.

Other categories of the text:

1. Category of divisibility: text can be a telegramme and a novel; division into chapters and paragraphs; division into author speech and present speech.

2. Autosemantics of the text: the part of the text is dependent and at the same time

comparatively independent of the content of the whole text and each of its parts

3. Modality of the text: its relation to reality

4. Integrity of the text: uniting of all its parts in order to make it a whole.

5. Completeness: the text should be logically complete.

6. Text as a stretch in the time and space.

Logical connections are concentrated in pragmatics of the text. It means that we are to take into account the situation relations between participants of the communicative act and many other extra linguistic factors.

Date: 2015-12-11; view: 788