Argued questions in english morphology

Noun

1. the category of number – there are some diff-es b/w three houses (3 separate objects) and three hours (continued period of time)

a) watwr/ waters

b) daughter of the snows – we can’t say three snows

c) the difference b/w 2 nimbers can develop a completely new meaning in the plural which the singular has;t got at all (ex. colors – has the meaning flag 9which restricted to the pl. Only) – to serve under the colors of liberty (lexicalized – lexicalization))

- pluralia and singularia tantum

2. the category of case ( Vorontsova – there is no case at all and ‘s is only a postpositional element)

3. the category of gender

Pronoun

1. the category of cases (nomin & object, com& gen (nom & posses))

2. the cateegory of number -no number at all

Adjective – the compar. Degree form havingthe feature of restricted superiority

Problematic- number of the degrees of comparison (ex. with akward,_

- the most

- statives

Adverb

among them there are some which admit of degree of comparison quickly – more quickly – most quickly

classifications is also the arguing question

Verb: the categories of the verb in different classification

Functional arts of speech;

Article : omition, absence or special type 9zero)

Views: 1) article is a word and art+noun= phrase

2) art is a form element is a kind of morpheme or an auxil. Word and art+noun = morpheme formation

Conjunction: can lose its connecting function (ex. If only she could come – “if “ – not a conj but a particle)

Modal words: the number of types varies from diff. Authors

Interjections: can be part of the phrase or not

Phrase

There is no unity among linguists concerning the definition of the term "phrase" According to Russian linguists the term "word combination" can only be applied to such groups of words which contain at least two notional words forming a grammatical unit, (fine weather, speak English fluently). Western scholars have a different view on the problem. They consider any combination of two or more words which constitutes a unit to be a phrase, (in the morning). Henry Sweet

A phrase is a combination of words, which don't form a full sentence. H. Whitehall

A phrase is a cluster of two or more words which is a grammatical unit, but is not an analytical form of some word. The constituent element of the phrase may belong to any part of speech. The difference between a phrase and a sentence is fundamental one. A phrase is means of naming some phenomena or processes, just as word is. Each component of a phrase can undergo grammatical changes in accordance with grammatical categories represented in it, without destroying the identity of the phrase, (writes a letter, wrote a letter, is writing letters -grammatical modifications of one phrase). In a sentence every unit has its definite form. Another important issue is that a phrase has no intonation, which is one of the most important features of a sentence. A classical word group is a non-predicative unit, because a word group doesn't carry predication. Only sentences have this function.CLASSIFICATION OF PHRASESProfessor Blokh

He distinguishes two types of phrases:

1. Notional phrases

a. equipotent connection (words related to one another on an equal rank -prose and poetry, quick but not careless)

b. dominational connection (one of the constituents of the phrase is principal which is called "kernel element" - a careful observer)

2. Formative phrases (at the table, with difficulty)

3. Functional phrases (from out of, so that) Barkhudarov

He classifies all phrases according to the way the headword is expressed. He distinguishes:

1. Coordinate phrases (you and me)

2. Subordinate - always has a head and an adjacent word, classified from the point of view
of how the head word is expressed:

a. nounal (mild weather)

b. adjectival (dark red)

c. verbal (to hear a noise)

d. adverbial (very well)

3. Predicative - a special kind of word group with predicative relations between the nominal
and the verbal part. Secondary predication is meant here (no such phrases in Russian):

a. complex object (I want you to go)

b. complex subject (He is known to be)

c. for-phrase (It is difficult for me to know)

d. gerundial complex

e. absolute nominative participial construction

Leonard Bloomfield

Distinguishes two main classes of phrases

1. Endocentric (headed)

a. subordination (peace movement, poor John)

b. coordination (men and women, Mary and Peter - two heads are inside the phrase)

2. Exocentric (non-headed)

a. syntactic predicative relations (John ran away)

b. morphological prepositional phrase (beside John)

Modern approach

1. Headed phrases (head word and adjunct)

a. according to the type of distribution

i. progressive (right-hand distribution of the adjunct - the list of names)

ii. regressive (left-hand distribution of the adjunct - a country doctor)

b. according to the way the head-word is expressed

i. substantival (a candidate for a prize)

ii. adjectival (pretty bad)

iii. verbal (to write a letter)

iv. adverbial (very suddenly)

2. Non-headed phrases

a. according to the degree of dependency

i. independent (Mary and John, he laughed)

ii. dependent (his own (dog))

b. according to the class

i. one-class (you and me)

ii. different class (she nodded)

SYNTACTIC RELATIONS OF WORDS IN A WORD GROUP Here one should distinguish the following types:Agreement (concord)

a method of expressing a syntactical relationship which consists in making a subordinate word take a form similar to that of the word to which it subordinates. In the modern English language this type refers only to the category of number. (These letters vs. This letter). But the word doesn't always have to follow the noun in its category of number (The UN is an organization).Government

The use of subordinate word form required by its head word. In English this type is not very significant. The only exception - objective case of personal pronouns and the pronoun who when they are subordinate to a verb or follow a preposition, (invite them)Enclosure (suggested by Elmslev)

Some element of a phrase enclosed between two parts of another element (the then government)Formunation

When a strict order is applied (these important decisions, but important these decisions)InterdependenceSubject-predicate relations (he goes)

Date: 2015-12-11; view: 1654