Every citizen has the right to an equal __________ before the law.
1) case
2) investigation
3) study
4) treatment
5) discussion
People with low incomes receive help from various legal aid schemes to __________ the costs of the lawyer.
1) meet
2) pay
3) give
4) help
5) count
Strict rules exist to protect suspects against any ________ by the authorities.
1) offences
2) attacs
3) wrongs
4) blunders
5) abuses
An arrested person has the right to consult a _______ in England and Wales.
1) prosecutor
2) judge
3) solicitor
4) detective
5) policeman
An accused person is regarded as ________ until proved guilty.
1) suspected
2) accused
3) convict
4) innocent
5) charged
2. V. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.
A conviction can be ______on appeal if the evidence is improperly presented in court.
1) quashed
2) cancelled
3) annull
4) abated
5) avoided
Typical _____ disputes are those between tenants and landlords or those between employees and employers.
1) criminal
2) civil
3) labour
4) administrative
5) judicial
Nobody is above the law; public authorities can be successfully _____ in the civil courts.
1) sued
2) accused
3) convicted
4) suspected
5) detained
In England and Wales an arrested person cannot be _______ in police custody beyond 36 hours without a warrant being obtained from a lay justice.
1) held
2) detained
3) kept
4) arrested
5) delayed
The police must _______ a suspect before any questions are put for the purpose of obtaining evidence.
1) warn
2) tell
3) foresee
4) caution
5) explain
3. V. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.
Police are strictly forbidden to use _______ to obtain answers from suspects.
1) violence
2) force
3) strength
4) anger
5) energy
Most people are released on bail after being __________with an offence.
1) blamed
2) judged
3) sentenced
4) defeated
5) charged
The prosecution and the defence may ______individual jurors on grounds of possible bias.
1) put off
2) refuse
3) challenge
4) reject
5) let down
An accused person is regarded as innocent until proved _______.
1) blameworthy
2) guilty
3) offence
4) convict
5) non-guilty
Anyone convicted by a court has the right of _______ to higher courts against conviction or sentence.
1) appeal
2) allowance
3) demand
4) redress
5) request
4. V. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.
An accused person is regarded as ______ until proved guilty.
1) accused
2) free
3) innocent
4) suspect
5) convicted
Anyone ______with an offence has the right to legal representation in court.
1) suspected
2) sentenced
3) imprisoned
4) authorozed
5) charged
The defence has the right to the last speech at a ____trial before the judge sums up.
1) judicial
2) law
3) legal
4) jury
5) court
In the UK typical civil disputes are those between tenants and landlords or those between employees and ________.
1) owners
2) workers
3) employers
4) bankers
5) producers
England and Wales are known to have _____many laws and legal principles that originated eight centuries ago.
1) kept
2) retained
3) saved
4) produced
5) adopted
5. V. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.
A court must be satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that a defendant has committed the crime before reaching a ‘_______’ verdict.
1) innocent
2) non-guilty
3) wrong
4) guilty
5) suspect
Most people are released on ______ after being charged with an offence.
1) bail
2) swear
3) oath
4) word
5) promise
People charged with serious crimes such as murder, manslaughter, rape and robbery are ______in front of a jury.
1) judged
2) tried
3) convicted
4) charged
5) punished
A lawyer has the right to _________ prosecution witnesses.
1) cross-examine
2) examine
3) ask
4) demand
5) inquire
Judges do not merely _______ the law; in some cases they make laws.
1) use
2) have
3) apply
4) change
5) adopt
6. V. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.
The doctrine of _____is still a central feature of modern common law systems.
1) precedence
2) presidency
3) precaution
4) precedent
5) law
The spread of _____law in the world is due both to the widespread influence of Britain in the world and the growth of the USA.
1) common
2) general
3) legal
4) civil
5) criminal
________ systems are sometimes known as codified legal systems.
1) judicial
2) law
3) doctrine
4) continental
5) contestant
In order to separate the roles of the ______ and judiciary, it is necessary to make laws that were clear and comprehensive.
1) legislature
2) legitimacy
3) legislation
4) legislator
5) legality
The courts are able to ________ the constitutional legality of a law made by parliament.
1) change
2) challenge
3) reject
4) refuse
5) deny
7. V. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.
The clear distinction between _______ and judiciary has weakened in many countries, where courts are able to challenge the constitutional legality of a law made by parliament.
1) legislature
2) legitimacy
3) power
4) legislator
5) government
In many countries legislators wanted to break with previous case law, which had often produced ______ and biased judgment.
1) wrong
2) unbiased
3) incorruptible
4) dishonest
5) corrupt
A shoplifter is a person who ______ from shops.
1) robs
2) steals
3) breaks
4) attacks
5) buys
A ________ is a person who brings goods into a country illegally without paying tax.
1) mugger
2) robber
3) smuggler
4) pickpocket
5) burglar
The principle of separation of power was adopted in order to _____ the control of a state over its citizens.
1) strengthen
2) weaken
3) emphasise
4) minimise
5) increase
8. V. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.
President of the United States is _______ for a term of four years.
1) appointed
2) elected
3) chosen
4) applied
5) proposed
It takes much longer to have a case heard in the Crown Court, but ______ prefer it because the case is decided by the jury, ordinary members of the public.
1) defendances
2) defences
3) defendants
4) prisoners
5) offenders
The ______ on a jury is compulsory and cannot be avoided without a good reason, such as illness.
1) work
2) service
3) job
4) practice
5) fulfillment
Such serious crime, like ______, cannot be heard by the magistrates and must go to the Crown Court.
1) murderer
2) killer
3) murder
4) robbery
5) forgery
The process of taking an action from a low court to a higher court may be __________ and very costly.
1) time-consuming
2) timely
3) time-worn
4) timeless
5) time-saving
9. V. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.
A terrorist is a person who uses _______ for political reasons.
1) violence
2) force
3) strength
4) effort
5) action
A _____dealer buys and sells drugs illegally.
1) medicine
2) tablet
3) pill
4) drug
5) cocaine
. Juries _____ only in criminal courts.
1) present
2) serve
3) speak
4) talk
5) work
The U.S. Supreme Court is the highest appellate court _______.
1) rank
2) instance
3) interval
4) chain
5) level
Most schools in many countries no longer have _______ punishment.
1) physical
2) capital
3) bodily
4) corporal
5) severe
10. V. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.
Amnesty International works to release people imprisoned for their beliefs, to ______ the use of torture, and to abolish the death penalty.
1) reject
2) refuse
3) object
4) ban
5) abandon
Torture is defined in the 1949 Geneva Convention as the deliberate, systematic ______of physical and mental suffering.
1) damage
2) infliction
3) pain
4) injury
5) wound
Sometimes ________ is used to extract information from prisoners, and sometimes for no other reason than to hurt and frighten them.
1) torture
2) force
3) action
4) suffering
5) deed
The police had enough _________ of John’s accomplice.
1) testimony
2) information
3) explanation
4) proof
5) fact
_______punishment would be abolished in all countries if it hadn’t been serious crimes like murder and rape.
1) corporal
2) brutal
3) commuted
4) capital
5) cruel
11. V. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.
Amnesty International works to _____ people imprisoned for their beliefs, to ban the use of torture, and to abolish the death penalty.
1) abandon
2) free
3) release
4) let go
5) make go
Death penalty is available in most states today for the most ____ crimes such as murder.
1) computer
2) attempted
3) serious
4) common
5)compulsive
A burglar is a person who _______into the house to steal.
1) rushes
2) breaks
3) enters
4) comes
5) goes
A hijacker is a person who ______ control of a plane by force and makes pilot change course.
1) loses
2) spins
3) takes
4) does
5) makes
The verdict of a jury should be unanimous, though sometimes a _____verdict is acceptable.
1) majority
2) minority
3) positive
4) negative
5) formal
12. V. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.
The defendant was accused of ______ a crime by the jury.
1) performing
2) committing
3) acting
4) doing
5) making
Prisoners of ______ are people who had never used or advocated violence and were simply in prison because of their political or religious beliefs.
1) conscience
2) military
3) war
4) secure
5) honour
Amnesty International works to release people imprisoned for their beliefs, to ban the use of torture, and to ______the death penalty.
1) forbid
2) prohibit
3) abolish
4) suppress
5) bar
The accused was released on _____after being chargedwith an offence.
1) word
2) promise
3) persuasion
4) bail
5) argument
The witnesses saw how the accident happened and gave truthful _______to the judge.
1) information
2) evidence
3) fact
4) story
5) description
13. V. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.
In a Crown Court trial there are twelve ______.
1) judges
2) prosecutors
3) jurors
4) barristers
5) lawyers
When the police _____ somebody on suspicion of having committed a crime, they have to follow certain procedure.
1) arrest
2) pursue
3) hold
4) prosecute
5) chase
Unless the police obtain special permission, they are not allowed to ______ a person for more than twenty-four hours.
1) keep
2) hold
3) save
4) detain
5) preserve
In cases where a panel of magistrates (usually three) has decided somebody is guilty of a crime, they can also ______ a punishment.
1) impose
2) accuse
3) effect
4) set
5) put
Magistrates are just ordinary people of good reputation who have been ____ to the job by a local committee.
1) fixed
2) made
3) put
4) given
5) appointed
14. V. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.
The members of the jury are not paid but they are given ____while they are on jury service, which is usually for about two weeks.
1) money
2) payment
3) bonuses
4) expenses
5) costs
Unless the police ____ special permission, they are not allowed to detain a person for more than twenty-for hours.
1) achieve
2) obtain
3) reach
4) take
5) have
Magistrates, who are also known as Justices of the Peace, are not trained _______.
1) lawyers
2) practitioners
3) workers
4) specialists
5) executors
It is the judge’s job to ______ a punishment on those found guilty of crimes.
1) force
2) impose
3) cause
4) fulfill
5) make
If it is someone’s first offence, and the crime is a small one, even a guilty person is often unconditionally ________.
1) left
2) freed
3) discharged
4) charged
5) imprisoned
15. V. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.
In Britain magistrates do not get salaries or a fee for their work, though they get paid _______.
1) money
2) bonus
3) payment
4) costs
5) expenses
Juries consist of ______ people selected at random from the list of voters.
1) twelve
2) fourteen
3) twenty
4) twenty-one
5) twenty-nine
A convicted person may appeal to the Court of Criminal Appeal in London either to have the conviction _______ or to have the sentence reduced.
1) turned
2) returned
3) quashed
4) changed
5) confirmed
The duty of the judge during the trial is to act as the referee while the prosecution and defence put their cases and question witnesses, and to decide what ______ is admissible and what is not.
1) offence
2) evidence
3) sign
4) fact
5) proof
A conditional ________ means that the guilty person is set free but if he or she commits another crime within a stated time, the first crime will be taken into account.
1) freedom
2) leave
3) charge
4) discharge
5) change
16. V. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.
In order a _____ to be reached, there must be agreement among at least ten jurors.
1) verdict
2) decision
3) opinion
4) thought
5) idea
A convicted person may appeal to the Court of Criminal Appeal in London either to have the conviction quashed or to have the sentence ________.
1) cut
2) destroyed
3) reduced
4) changed
5) charged
A guilty person may be set free and put on _______, which means that regular meetings with a social worker must take place.
1) improvement
2) period
3) regulation
4) probation
5) anticipation
A very common form of punishment for minor offences is a _____, which means that the guilty person has to pay a sum of money.
1) fine
2) money
3) custody
4) payment
5) cost
The American Constitution is based on the doctrine of the ______ of powers between the executive, legislative and judiciary.
1) separation
2) distinction
3) division
4) measure
5) gradation
17. V. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.
In order for a verdict to be reached, there must be ______ among at least ten jurors.
1) consensus
2) understanding
3) opinion
4) agreement
5) decision
The duty of the judge during the trial is to act as the referee while the _____ and defence put their cases and question witnesses, and to decide what evidence is admissible and what is not.
1) prosecution
2) charge
3) accusation
4) conviction
5) charging
A very common form of punishment for _____ offences is a fine, which means that the guilty person has to pay a sum of money.
1) serious
2) small
3) minor
4) major
5) dangerous
Wherever possible, magistrates and judges try not to ________ people.
1) imprison
2) release
3) free
4) discharge
5) forgive
The only function of ______ is to present cases in court.
1) judges
2) solicitors
3) barristers
4) clerks
5) attorneys
18. V. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.
People who are sent to prison often get ______- of their sentence for good behaviour.
1) reduction
2) forgiveness
3) decrease
4) increase
5) remission
There is no death penalty in Britain, except for _______.
1) treason
2) terrorism
3) spying
4) murder
5) hijacking
There are two distinct kinds of lawyers in Britain: a ______ and a barrister.
1) attorney
2) solicitor
3) judge
4) clerk
5) secretary
In order to make the arrest legal the police must caution an arrested person: ‘You do not have to say anything unless you wish to do so, but what you say may be given in _______.’
1) proof
2) sign
3) evidence
4) fact
5) offence
One way to ______ the level of crime is to interview people and ask them whether they have been the victims of crime.
1) estimate
2) judge
3) calculate
4) consider
5) regard
19. V. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.
There is no death ______ in Britain, except for treason.
1) penalty
2) punishment
3) nuisance
4) torture
5) visitation
There are two distinct kinds of lawyers in Britain: a solicitor and a _______.
1) attorney
2) judge
3) clerk
4) secretary
5) barrister
_____ is a sum of money guaranteed by somebody on behalf of a person who has been charged with a crime so that he/she can go free until the time of the trial.
1) bail
2) money
3) payment
4) bribe
5) gift
It is generally accepted that in the last quarter of the twentieth century, the number of crimes has gone up because of a lack of confidence in the ability of the police to _____ criminals.
1) find
2) catch
3) capture
4) take
5) hold
The system of _____ in England and Wales, in both civil and criminal cases, is and adversarial system.
1) justice
2) judgment
3) treatment
4) fairness
5) refereeing
20. V. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate word.
For murderers, there is an obligatory life ______ in Britain.
1) judgment
2) decision
3) condemnation
4) sentence
5) punishment
If the trail is to be heard, the solicitor normally hires the services of the other kind of a lawyer – a _______-.
1) barrister
2) judge
3) prosecutor
4) juror
5) attorney
One way to ______ the level of crime is to interview people and ask them whether they have been the victims of crime.
1) calculate
2) estimate
3) judge
4) consider
5) regard
The duty of the judge during the trial is to act as the referee while the prosecution and ______ put their cases and question witnesses.
1) guard
2) protection
3) security
4) defence
5) counterattack
The magistrate may decide that it is not necessary to hold the suspect in ______.
