International organizations and international co-operation

The formation of international organizations has been a 20th- century phenomenon. Nowadays there are more than 2,500 international organizations. Among them are more than 130 intergovernmental unions. The United Nations Organization is the most notable. Other important organizations are the European Economic Community, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the Organization of American States, and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance.

The creation of international organizations on a wide scale in the 20th-century is the result of the progress in the technology of communication, transportation, warfare, and the spread of industrialization. These developments gave rise to a sense of interdependence among the people of the world, and made people recognize the importance of international co-operation to avoid the dangers, solve the problems, and use the opportunities which confront the society of nations on a world-wide scale. Some organizations are concerned only with single and relatively narrow problems, while others, such as the United Nations and the UNESCO, deal with a great variety of matters. Moreover, international organizations function as either intergovernmental or nongovernmental agencies.

The European Union was created November 1, 1993 out of the European Economic Community.

The European Economic Community (EEC) was founded in 1957-58 to oversee the economic integration of the nations of Western Europe. In 1967 the EEC united together with the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Atomic Energy Community to form the European Communities, or EC.

The European Union is an organization of most of the states of Western Europe that works toward and oversees the economic and political integration of these states. The European Union consists of the European Community. The original members of the EEC were Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom joined in 1973. Greece was admitted in 1981. Portugal and Spain entered in 1986. The former East Germany entered as part of reunified Germany in 1990. Greenland, a dependent state of Denmark that had been brought into the EC when under full Danish rule, withdrew in 1985. The Maastricht Treaty paved the way for other European countries to join the EU. Austria, Finland, and Sweden - all members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) - became members of the EU in 1995.

The European Union General Assembly meets once in four years. As a rule the European Union member-states have regular annual meetings.

The influence of the international organizations is great. They deal with political, social, and economic problems. They are concerned with the environmental problems as well. For example, such international organization as the United Nations is aimed at modifications of the national and international laws for the good of the people. The chief modification introduced by the United Nations Charter is the limitation of the rights of subjects of international law under international customary law to threaten or resort to armed reprisals and war.

The results of the activity of the international organizations are significant The UN General Assembly passed a number of resolutions and declarations. They are the Nuremberg Principles that dealt with crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity; genocide; the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; the right of peoples and nations to self-determination; permanent sovereignty over natural resources; denuclearization; and non-intervention. The most important of them is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This general agreement that all human beings are entitled to some basic rights marked the birth of the international and universal recognition of human rights.

Questions:

1. What international organizations do you know?

2. Why did people create international organizations?

3. When was the European Union created?

4. How did the European Economic Community come into being?

5. What are member-states of the European Union?

6. How often do the members of the European Union meet?

7. What role do the international organizations play today?

8. What are the results of the activity of the international organizations?

2. Read and translate the text:

To study in Great Britain? No problem!

Studying abroad is a really good experience. However, sometimes it is very difficult to get necessary funds to pay for tuition, living accommodations, etc. One way to get money while studying is to apply for a job. If you would like to study and work at the same time in Great Britain, you should be aware of some pertinent rules and regulations.

A lot of Ukrainian students dream of obtaining a degree from an overseas university and, in particular, of one from Great Britain. This country famous for its traditions and unique education system seems an optional location. Moreover, it is possible to study there for free!

Getting financial assistance necessarily involves an assessment of your academic progress, educational background and work experience. However, it is also a matter of time.

As a rule, students must start preparing the necessary documents at least a year before their intended study. This time is spent filling out the applications, sending them to the appropriate bodies, having them assessed and, finally, receiving the results. Most financial assistance programmes have deadlines, so the earlier you start the better.

Applying for several assistance programmes is a wise move as there are no restrictions on how many grants you can apply for and you simply increase your chances of obtaining funding.

Financial assistance programmes come in two broad categories. The first covers full funding for tuition fees, accommodation, and maintenance; while the second covers only partial expenses associate with education and living. The latter category mostly consists of individual universities' grants and scholarships, so it is best to consult each university regarding their own financial assistance programmes.

First, in order to cross the border of Ukraine you'd need a foreign passport, which may be acquired upon making a personal petition (or through legal representatives) to the passport service of the internal security bodies, in residence. (A person receiving a passport is not to be younger than eighteen or sixteen if the person lives abroad permanently.)

The process of getting funds for education takes time, so you will need to be patient. Good luck!

Questions

1. What are ways to get money while studying?

2. What country famous for its traditions and unique education system?

3. How much time does it take to prepare the necessary documents before the intended study?

4. What are two broad categories of financial assistance programmes?

3. Read and translate the text:

Date: 2015-12-11; view: 1076