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Autonomous Building
the The Definite Article
The Zero Article
Autonomous Building
I. Translate the following word combinations: Infrastructural support services Sewage treatment system Apply environmentally responsible building design Reduce environmental impact Energy-efficient in operation Technologically advanced autonomous houses Basement battery system Immediate household use Solar water heaters
II. Read the text: Autonomous building
An autonomous building is a building designed to be operated independently from infrastructural support services such as the electric power grid, municipal water systems, sewage treatment systems, communication services, and (in some cases) public roads. Advocates of autonomous building describe advantages that include reduced environmental impacts, increased security, and cost efficiencies. Off-grid buildings often rely very little on civil services, and are therefore safer and more comfortable during civil disaster or military attacks. British architects Brenda and Robert Vale have said that, as of 2002, "It is quite possible in all parts of Australia to construct a 'house with no bills', which would be comfortable without heating and cooling, which would make its own electricity, collect its own water and deal with its own waste... It is possible to build a "house with no bills" for the same price as a conventional house, but it would be (25%) smaller." Autonomous buildings can reduce environmental impacts by using on-site resources (such as sunlight and rain) that would otherwise be wasted. Autonomy often dramatically reduces the costs and impacts of networks that serve the building, because autonomy short-circuits the multiplying inefficiencies of collecting and transporting resources. Other impacted resources, such as oil reserves and the retention of the local watershed, can often be cheaply conserved by thoughtful designs. Autonomous buildings are usually energy-efficient in operation, and therefore cost-efficient, for the obvious reason that smaller energy needs are easier to satisfy off-grid. An autonomous structure is not always environmentally friendly. However, autonomous buildings also usually include some degree of sustainability through the use of renewable resources. First and fundamentally, independence is a matter of degree. Complete independence is very hard or impossible to attain. For example, eliminating dependence on the electrical grid is one thing, and growing all of your own food is a more demanding and time-consuming proposition. Living in an autonomous shelter can require one to make sacrifices in one's lifestyle choices, personal behavior, and social expectations. Even the most comfortable and technologically advanced autonomous houses may require some differences in behavior. Some persons adjust easily. Others describe the experience as inconvenient, irritating, isolating. A well-designed building can reduce this issue, but usually at the expense of reduced autonomy. Greywater systems reuse wash water to flush toilets, and water lawns and gardens. Greywater systems can halve the water use of most residential buildings. Some builders are installing waterless urinals and even composting toilets that completely eliminate water usage in sewage disposal. Most desert and temperate climates get at least 250 mm of rain per year. This means that a typical one storey house with a greywater system can supply its year-round water needs from its roof alone. In the most extremely dry areas, it will require a cistern of 30 m3. Many areas average 13 mm of rain per week, and these can use a cistern as small as 10 m3. It can be convenient to use the cistern as heating system or air conditioning system; however this can make cold drinking water warm, and in drier years the efficiency of the Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning system may decrease. Cistern design can reduce costs and inconvenience. Gravity tanks on short towers are reliable, so pump repairs are less urgent. The least expensive bulk cistern is a fenced pond or pool at ground level. Since electricity is an expensive utility, the first step towards conservation is to design a house and lifestyle to reduce demand. Using a solar roof, solar cells can currently provide electric power. Solar roofs are far more cost-effective than retrofitted solar power, because buildings need roofs anyway. Modern solar cells last about 40 years, which makes them a reasonable investment in some areas. There are a number of areas that lack sun, but have wind. To generate power, the average autonomous house needs only one small wind turbine, 5 m or less in diameter. On a 30 m tower, this turbine can provide enough power to supplement solar power on cloudy days. The largest advantage of wind power is that larger wind turbines have a lower per-watt cost than solar cells. However, location is critical. Just as some locations lack sun for solar cells, some locations lack sufficient wind for an economical turbine installation. Paul Gipe says that in the Great Plains of the United States a 10 m turbine can supply enough energy to heat and cool a well-built all-electric house. Economic use in other areas requires research, and possibly a site-survey. During times of low demand, excess power can be stored in batteries for future use. However, batteries need to be replaced every few years.
III. Answer the questions to the text: 1. What kind of buildings are usually autonomous? 2. What is an autonomous building? 3. What are the advantages of an autonomous building? 4. What are the disadvantages of living in a "house with no bills?" 5. Is an autonomous structure always environmentally friendly? 6. How does autonomy reduce the costs? 7. How is the problem of water supply solved? 8. Why does an autonomous building rely on renewable resources much?
IV. Fill in the prepositions and translate the phrases: rely.........civil services .........the expense of have an effect.........psychology be concerned......... .........least .........ground level deal......... depend ......... .........instance
V. Pick out the pairs of synonyms:
Conventional, involve, clear, shelter, basic, reach, independent, decrease, benefit, normal, fundamental, absolute, impact, security, advantage, reduce, autonomous, obvious, complete, construction, safety, include, attain, effect.
VI. Change the word given in brackets into the necessary form:
1. (History), architects searched for a magic ratio which represents the ideal of perfect proportion. 2. All (combustion) materials should be kept at a safe distance from a steel fire door. 3. The draught in the staircase tends to increase the (probable) of a small fire becoming a large one. 4. As both buildings have the same floor area and (high), they both have the same volume. 5. The system is to protect the client's interests by exercising (independence) control over the (contract). 6. Different types of fuel are used in different geographical (locate) and (situate). 7. The (strong) of a column is directly proportional to its (high) and inversely - to its (thick). VII. Are you in favour or against living in an autonomous building?
Write a paragraph, listing your arguments. Make use of the words: Opinion In my opinion/ view, Personally, As far as I'm concerned Addition Besides Moreover Furthermore Contrast However Nevertheless On the other hand
VIII. Read the text and answer the questions. Translate text Ρ and D.
Which house would you recommend for someone who: likes the idea of a room that reminds them of the sea? Ξ Ε generally has rasher extreme tastes? 1 ............. enjoys gardening? 2............. wants to have a bathroom as part of each bedroom? 3......4...... insists on a private lifestyle? 5.............. is in a hurry to change homes? 6.............. likes a lot of natural sunlight? 7.......8...... needs a more natural environment despite their urban lifestyle? 9............... needs two individual houses attached to each other? 10............. prefers a more unusual design? 11............. enjoys heat from a natural fire? 12............. appreciates the work of skilled carpenters? 13......14.... wants a house they can use as a business for tourists? 15............
IX. a) Match column A with column Β to form the collocations, then read the text again and check your answers. ΐ Β open-plan fire
double light twin gates main kitchen ground entrance en-suite bathroom electronic bedroom open staircase wall wardrobe single space
b) Use five of the collocations in Ex.18a and make sentences about your ideal house.
A A smart, local builder decided this small, unused Victorian hospital was an opportunity not to be missed! He set about changing it into two large, separate houses. If you are looking for something out of the ordinary, then you need to check these two exceptional developments. Each house has three bedrooms, a luxury open-plan kitchen and huge living room. Buy one of these houses and you're ready to move in immediately, without any delays, as they are already fitted with everything you will ever need, from a Jacuzzi to a dishwasher! Β This is a three- storey stone-built house enclosed within a walled garden, where a new buyer could grow his own vegetables. In 1980 the building was turned into a guesthouse with a lounge, and a large dining room with wooden walls. The kitchen is spacious and fully fitted with the latest equipment, having a small extra room leading from it which could be used as storage space. There are also five double bedrooms, each with its own bathroom. Ρ The outside of this particular house remains the same as when it was originally built. It is a large but simple building, typical of the period, with a twin staircase on either side of the main entrance. Its many windows give the building a really light, airy quality. It is a building of impressive architecture that adds a certain character to the area as a whole. On the ground floor, there is a long, open- plan kitchen-dining room which is fully equipped, as well as a luxurious sitting room. Meanwhile, the upstairs consists of four, en-suite bedrooms which make life easier and more comfortable for any buyer. Each ensuite bathroom is in different colour, according to the design and colour scheme of each bedroom. D There is no other house like it in town! Here is the kind of unique building that the more eccentric buyer would be looking for. It is an unusual, round tower, which appears tiny from the outside, but on taking a closer look, one will notice three spacious bedrooms, flooded in light from the Gothic windows, two large bathrooms in which the traditional style has been kept. Meanwhile, downstairs, the kitchen, with its large workspaces and locally made-to- order cupboards, would please anyone with a keen interest in cookery. The high-ceilinged living room looks out over the local park area and so allows the owner his own little area of greenery while still living in the heart of the city. E The outside of the house, which is covered in York stone, is approached from the road through electronic gates, allowing the buyer to have a high level of privacy. The downstairs includes a long kitchen with old wooden floors and matching shelves made by local craftsmen, which add to the general warmth of this home. The lounge has an extremely large, open fire ceiling to floor for those winter nights! Upstairs, meanwhile, there are three rather small bedrooms with single wardrobes and wall lights as well as a gleaming white bathroom with porthole windows giving the impression of being on board a ship!
Date: 2014-12-29; view: 1515
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