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I. Personal Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives.

 

 

Personal pronouns possessive adjectives Possessive pronouns Reflexive-Emphatic pronouns
as Subject as Object followed by nouns not followed by nouns
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its itself
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves

I. Personal pronounsare noun-pronouns, indicating persons or non-persons from the point of view of their relations to the speaker.

a) We use personal pronouns to refer to people, things or animals.

I have bought a paper. It’s on the table.

Mary is as old asme.

b) We use I, you, she, they etc. before verbs as subjects and me, him, her etc. after verbs as objects.

He gave her a book as a present but she didn’t like it.

 

II. Possessive pronouns express possession.

a) Possessive adjectives go before nouns, whereas possessive pronouns do not go before nouns. Sometimes possessive pronouns go at the beginning of a sentence.

This is her book. It’s hers.

Yours is in the kitchen.

b) Own is used with possessive adjectives to emphasize the fact that something belongs to someone and no one else.

They have got their own car. or:They’ve got a car of their own.

III. Reflexive/Emphatic pronounsindicate identity between the person or non-person they denote and that denoted by the subject of the sentence.

 

a)Reflexivepronouns are used after certain verbs (look, laugh at, behave, burn, cut, enjoy, hurt etc.) when the subject and the object of the verb are the same.

Did she cut herself?

 

b)Reflexive pronouns can be used after be, feel, seem to describe emotions or states. They are also used after prepositions but not after prepositions of place.

She doesn’t look herself these days.

He should take care of himself.

But:

He is sitting in front me.

 

c) The verbs: wash, show, (un)dress, afford, complain, meet, rest, relax, stand up, get up, sit down, wake up do not normally take a reflexive pronoun. However we can use reflexive pronouns with wash or dress when we talk about little children or animals.

She washed and dressed.

Lisa is only 3 years old. She can dress herself.

 

d) Emphatic pronounshave the same form as reflexive pronouns but a different meaning. They emphasize the noun or the fact that one person and not another, performs an action. They also mean “without help”. They go after nouns, pronouns, at the end of a sentence or after "but" and "than".

He repaired the car himself.

I myself found the thief.

You should count on no one but yourself.

Note these idioms:Enjoy yourself! Behave yourself! I like being myself. She lives by herself. Help yourself. Make yourself at home. Make yourself heard.



IV. Indefinite pronouns:some, any, no and their compounds (somebody, something etc.) indicate persons or non-persons or else their properties in a general way without defining the class of objects they belong to, class or properties they possess.

 

Some:

a) Some and its compounds are normally used in positive sentences.

There's some cheese left.

 

b) Some and its compounds are used in questions when we want to make an offer, a request or when we expect a positive answer.

Would you like something to eat?

Did you buy some bananas?

What's wrong? Have you got something in your eye?

Any:

a) Any is used in interrogative and negative sentences.

Is there anything wrong?

 

b) Any and its compounds are used in positive sentences meaning no matter how/what/which/when/who.

You can buy anything you want.

c) Any and its compounds can be used after if in a positive sentence.

If anyone asks for me, tell them I've left.

d) Any is also used after hardly, never, seldom, rarely and the preposition without.

There's hardly any food left.

He started his car without any difficulty.

 

No:

a) No/not any and their compounds (no one/not anyone, nothing) are used in negations.

There isnothing we can do.

Nobody can help me with my project.

 

b) No is followed by a noun without any article.

There's no place like home.

 

c) Nonerefers to more than two people or things. It has a negative meaning and isn't followed by a noun.

"Are there any vacancies?” "No, none”.

 

d) None of is also used before nouns or object-pronouns followed by a verb
either in the singular or plural. It is the opposite of all.

None of the boys have been to London.

Much, many, a lot (of), few/a few, little/a little:

a) Much is used with uncountable nouns and many with countable nouns. These pronouns are normally used in questions or negative sentences. Many or much are often used in positive sentences after too, so, how or in formal English.

They haven’t got much money.

Has she got many friends?

They have got so many problems.

Much work had been done before the peace treaty was signed.

(formal)

 

b) A few is used with countable nouns. It means some, a small number. It has a positive meaning. “Few” has a negative meaning. “Few” means not many, almost none.

He received a few letters yesterday.

He is not sociable. He has few friends.

 

c) A little is used with uncountable nouns. It means some, a small amount. “Little” has a negative meaning. It means not much, almost none.

She has got a little time so she can help you.

John has little knowledge of mathematics. He can't do the sums.

 

d) A lot (of)/lots (of) are used with countable or uncountable nouns and are normally used in positive sentences. A lot of can be used in questions or negative sentences in informal English.

We spent a lot of money.

A lot of people drive too fast.

Do you know a lot of people at this party?

 

V. Universal pronouns: all, both, whole, either/neither, each, every, oneindicate all objects (persons and non-persons) as one whole or any representative of the group separately.

 

a) “All” refers to more than two people or things. It has a positive meaning and takes a verb in the plural. “All+that clause”means "everything" and takes a singular verb.

All the students passed the exam.

All of them were very happy.

All that he said was lies.

 

b)Both”refers to two people or things. It has a positive meaning and takes a verb in the plural. It is the opposite of neither/not either.

Both Mike and Tony are nineteen.

They are both nineteen.

Both of them are nineteen.

Both boys are nineteen.

 

c) “Whole” (=complete) is used with countable nouns. We always use a, the, this, my etc. + whole+ countable noun.

the whole day = all the day/all day

But:all the tea

 

d) “Either(anyone of two)/“Neither(not one and not the other) are used before singular countable nouns. They refer to two people or things. Neither of/Either of take a verb either in the singular or in the plural depending on the subject which follows nor, or, but also.

Neither man is poor.

Neither of them have/has seen the film.

I'd like either of them to help me.

 

e) Eachis used with singular countable nouns. It means "one by one", considered individually. Each one has of -construction.

Each employee has to sign a contract.

There are two applicants for the job and I gave a form to each one.

Each one of the students had done their task.

 

f) Everyis used with singular countable nouns. It refers to a group of people or things and means "all", "everything".

She ate every apple.

Everyone needs to relax.

Everyone of the students had done their homework.

g) “One”/“Ones”are used to avoid repetitions of a countable noun or a pronoun.

Which book do you want? – This one.

Which shoes did you buy? – The black ones.

 

VI. Detaching pronouns: otherandits formsindicate the detachment of some object from other objects of the same class.

 

a) Another = one more apart from those already mentioned. It can also be used with expressions of time, money and distance. It is used with nouns in the singular only.

Can I have another cup of coffee?

It should take another half an hour to reach London.

b) Another can be used in the structure “another + number + plural noun with the meaning “more”.

It will take another ten minutes to finish the job.

c) Others = several more apart from those already mentioned.

Some people liked the film, others were shocked by it.

 

d) The other(s) means “the rest”.

Washington is one of the states of the United States which borders on the Pacific Ocean. What are the otherstates?

 

e) Each other = one another. These pronouns are both used when we talk about the relationship between people.

Let’s help each other.

They exchange addresses with one another.

f) Every other = alternate.

We visit our grandparents every other Saturday.

g) The other is used with the meaning “the second of the two”.

My sister has two children. One of them is five. The other is seven.

Both of my sisters work. One of them is a teacher. The other is a doctor.

 

 

VII. Demonstrative pronouns: this (these), that (those), suchpoint to persons or non-persons or their properties.

This is my brother Rob.

That is very kind of you.

This house is too large just for one person.

She is such a silly little thing.

 

VIII. Integrative pronouns: who, whose, what, whichintegrate persons or non-persons or their properties as unknown to the speaker and requiring to be named in the answer. Accordingly they are used to form special (or pronominal) questions.

Why did you get it from? Which of these men is your husband?

Who have you been with? Which colour do you prefer?

Who do you mean?

 

IX. Conjunctive pronouns: whom, whose, what, whichrefer to persons and non-persons. They are used to connect subject, predicative, and some adverbial clauses, or rather to indicate the subordinate status of these clauses, as the sentence may begin with the clause they introduce.

I know who did it.

 

X. Relative pronouns: who, whose, which, thatrefer to persons and non-persons and open attributive clauses which modify words denoting these persons or non-persons.

That is the man whohas saved your child.

Here is the book which the lecturer recommended.

John, who speaks French and Italian, works as a tourist guide.

Colin told me about his new job, which he’s enjoying very much.

Practice

Teaching Models

Ex. 1.Replace expressions in italics by personal pronouns.

Model:Sara has taught Jane how to play the guitar.

She has taught her how to play the guitar.

1. Put the clothes in the box. 2. John is telling Mary a very interesting story. 3. The book is not on the shelf. 4. The teacher and the students are in the room. 4. These flowers are for Beth and me. 5. Give this tape to the boy. 6. The girl is in the library. 7. Ann is playing with the ball in the yard. 8. The animals in the zoo are well-fed. 9. The film was very good but Sue liked the music.

 


Date: 2015-12-11; view: 1451


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