Probability, near certainty

This guy is so huge, he must be very heavy.

The right ear is missing. Somebody must have bitten it off.

Let’s call Dr. Razor later. He must be working in his lab and can’t hear the telephone ring.

You must be shocked with the diagnosis.

Mr. Jones must belong to a golf club.

You must remember your first autopsy.

They must be chasing the patient (not must chase)

They must have already left to the cafeteria.

He must have cut his hamburger with a scalpel.

Improbability

Jack must not have read Mrs. Kent’s diagnosis, for he gave her an enema instead of Tylenol.

The doctors must have failed to catch the patient and returned to the hospital, tired.

Have to, have got to

Obligation, necessity

We have to report it to the sheriff (= we’ve got to).

I had to buy a big shotgun for this journey.

Larry will have to hide in the fridge till the zombies go away.

We’ve got to buy a new pack of rubber gloves.

Have you got to see your psychiatrist last week?

Should, ought to

I.

Obligation and duty

All the body parts should be returned to their owners.

Advice, recommendation

The sheriff said we shouldn’t rob the shops.

You ought to contact the FBI at once.

Request for instructions; offers and suggestions

Where should I put that finger?

Should I get into the fridge?

Probability

They should be in hell by now.

This neighborhood should be really dangerous; we should stay away from it.

II.

Desirability, expectation of an action that was not performed

You should have shot his head off, even if he was your father.

Criticism of a past action

You shouldn’t have let him bite you.

Be to

Plan, future arrangements

The SWAT is to arrive in two hours.

We decided to move on: Tom was to cover me and I was to shoot the monsters.

Order

You are to show your passport before getting into the helicopter.

John said that I was to stay in the fridge till he returned.

Prohibition

You are not to use the grenade launcher without my permission.

Something that is destined to happen

When he got inside the fridge, he didn’t know he was never to see John again.

Need

I.

Necessity

Need we use rubber gloves? (BE)

You needn’t buy the gloves now. (BE)

At the time of speaking; doubt or negative ideas

Do we need to buy these gloves at all? (AE)

I wonder if we need cut it that way.

I don’t think you need see the instructions again.

3. In AE: affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences

I need to be encouraged.

In youth John didn’t need to use lube, hehe.

How long will you need to take this laxative?

II.

Unnecessary action which was performed (in negative sentences)

You needn’t have taken all the tablets at once.

We needn’t have come so early (it’s from our grammar book, I didn’t change it).

2. The action wasn’t necessary, but it was done nevertheless

You needn’t have tear off my panties. I can do it myself.

Steve’s friend didn’t need to supply him with strawberry condoms.

Shall

Date: 2015-12-11; view: 859