Optical properties of vanadium doped Na2O-ZnO-P205 glasses

"Blogging is not structured in the way journalism is. People are putting their views out in a relatively unprocessed manner. The two main things that separate blogging from journalism are the personalisation of the voice of the blogger and the lack of the subbing workflow you would expect to see for any print or online publication”.

Lloyd Shepherd, chief producer for Guardian Unlimited

Task 1. Comment upon the quotation above. What does the author think of online journalism? What is online journalism from your point of view?

Task 2. Read the Encyclopaedia article below and form your own definition of online journalism.

Online journalism is defined as the reporting of facts produced and distributed via the Internet. The simple answer is, of course, journalism as it is practiced online.

Journalism is any non-fiction or documentary narrative that reports or analyzes facts and events firmly rooted in time (either topical or historical) which are selected and arranged by reporters, writers, and editors to tell a story from a particular point of view. Journalism has traditionally been published in print, presented on film, and broadcast on television and radio. "Online" includes many venues. Most prominent is the World Wide Web, plus commercial online information services like America Online. Simple Internet email also plays a big role. Also important are CD-ROMs (often included with a book) linked to a web site or other online venue, plus intranets and private dial-up bulletin board systems.

From the Wikipedia Encyclopaedia

Task 3. Read the article about online journalism written in the form of questions and answers (Q&A).

Q. What are the distinguishing characteristics of online journalism as compared to traditional journalism?

Online = real time

Online journalism can be published in real time, updating breaking news and events as they happen. Nothing new here -- we've had this ability with telegraph, teletype, radio, and TV. Just as we gather around the TV or radio, so we can gather and attend real-time events online in chat rooms and auditorium facilities.

Online = shifted time

Online journalism also takes advantage of shifted time. Online publications can publish and archive articles for viewing now or later, just as print, film, or broadcast publications can. WWW articles can be infinitely easier to access, of course.

Online = multimedia

Online journalism can include multimedia elements: text and graphics (newspapers and books), plus sound, music, motion video, and animation (broadcast radio, TV, film), 3D, etc.

Online = interactive

Online journalism is interactive. Hyperlinks represent the primary mechanism for this interactivity on the Web, linking the various elements of a lengthy, complex work, introducing multiple points of view, and adding depth and detail. A work of online journalism can consist of a hyperlinked set of web pages; these pages can themselves include hyperlinks to other web sites.

Traditional journalism guides the reader through a linear narrative. The online journalist lets readers become participants, as they click their way through a hyperlinked set of pages. A web of interlinked pages is also an ideal mechanism to give reader/participants access to a library of source documents and background information that form the foundation of an extensive journalistic investigation.

Readers/participants can respond instantly to material presented by the online journalist; this response can take several forms. Email to the reporter or editor resembles the traditional letter to editor of print publications, but email letters can be published much sooner online than in print. Online journalists can also take advantage of threaded discussions that let readers respond immediately to an article, and to the comments of other readers, in a bulletin board-style discussion that can be accessed at any time. Readers can become participants in the ongoing co-creation of an editorial environment that evolves from the online journalist's original reporting and the initial article. Blogs (short for "Web log", a Web-based journal) make this easy.

Much of the journalism published on the Web and elsewhere online amounts to nothing more than traditional magazine or newspaper articles and graphics, perhaps with some added links to related web sites. By providing an instant, ubiquitous, cheap distribution medium, the Internet adds tremendous value to such articles. Journalists are still experimenting and discovering how best to take advantage of interactivity and hyperlinking to create distinctive works that take advantage of the benefits of the online medium.

The papers from the International Symposium on Online Journalism are a good starting point for understanding the current state of play in online journalism. The USC Annenberg Online Journalism Review also provides good, ongoing coverage.

Q. How has the Internet affected print journalism?

The Internet is a time-saving research resource for journalists and editors, especially for reporters looking for background, if they care to dig and look. You also see a lot of articles, columns, syndicated features now about the Internet in print and broadcast publications.

Q. What influences do online journalists have on their audiences, in comparison to mass media journalists?

While audiences for online journalism remain smaller than the audiences for mass media journalism, online journalists have the same influence on their audiences that mass media journalists have -- by choosing which stories to report; by choosing which facts, quotes, and other story elements to include and which to exclude; by choosing to tell the story from a particular point of view. A crime story told from the point of view of the victim will elicit a different reaction from the same story told from the point of view of the criminal, for example, whether that story is presented in the morning newspaper, on the 6 o'clock TV news, or on the Web. The Web's interactivity and hyperlinking gives the journalist more opportunities to examine multiple points of view in a particular piece than traditional, analogue media. The lack of serious space limitations permits online journalists to develop a story more fully and to publish source documents and background material.

Q. How reliable is online information?

It's a mixed bag, and should be treated the same way that professional journalists treat any other information that they find in the course of reporting a story. Good, reliable editing and filtering of information becomes ever more important on the Web, where anybody can publish anything and make it look substantial. Editorial "branding" becomes crucial.

Q. What is the future of online journalism?

Traditional news gathering organizations, publishers, and broadcasters will continue to enlarge their efforts on the Web, and this big money journalism will take advantage of higher Internet bandwidth and new technologies (streaming audio and video, "push", etc.) to recreate the traditional broadcast approach on the Web. Blogs have also become a popular venue for ordinary people to engage in online journalism. Meanwhile, both within those big organizations and outside them, journalists will continue to experiment and discover how best to use the native capabilities of the Web -- hyperlinks, interactivity, personalization, community, threaded discussions, etc. -- to create new, hybrid editorial environments in which readers become "co-creators" along with the journalist, bringing their responses, questions, experience, to add to the story threads that the professional journalist launches.

The Web will continue to enable publications for smaller, more specialized audiences. The ultimate outcome of this trend will be publications for audiences of one, completely personalized according to individual preferences, served out of large editorial databases or assembled on the fly by intelligent agent software that scans the Web for news and information that meet the individual's profile of interests.

Q. How can I develop a career as an online journalist?

Journalism remains a field that is open to newcomers and outsiders -- all you really have to do is write the kinds of articles that publications want to publish.

You can help yourself by learning the basics of journalism. Find and read the books that are currently used in beginning journalism courses, to learn about the basic kinds of articles that journalists produce, and the techniques they use to produce them. Online journalists may also want to learn a few Web basics: how to use the Internet for research (you'll want to learn how to do library research, too, plus basic investigative and reporting techniques); basic HTML coding to produce Web pages; digital audio and video production and related Web programming techniques if you want to add multimedia elements to your online journalism works.

Obviously, you need to develop good, basic writing skills. The best way to do this is to practice writing the kinds of articles you like, and find an editor (or somebody with appropriate editorial skills) to give you feedback and show you how to improve your articles. You should also learn about the history of journalism in order to appreciate the power and privileges that journalists enjoy, and read classic journalistic works to get a deep understanding of what journalists have done.

Once you've developed an understanding of journalism practice and a basic repertoire of skills, it's time to start work. Here's the process:

1. Choose the subject material and type of article (feature, news, interview, etc. -- a journalism textbook will show you all the basic types) you want to write.

2. Find publications that publish the kinds of articles (type and subject matter) you want to write.

3. Write some sample articles that you think will fit into this publication's profile. Create a professional-looking Web site of your own where you can publish your sample articles. It's very easy to do this with a blog (short for "Web log", a Web-based journal), if you're lacking Web design and coding skills.

4. Once you've located publications that publish the kind of articles you want to write, identify the editor (or editors) responsible for assigning articles to freelance writers.

5. Send a letter to this editor, introducing yourself and asking if he or she would be interested in giving you story assignments to work on. Contact the editors (by telephone, email, or snail mail) and propose specific story ideas, suggesting articles that you would like to write. Send along copies of your sample articles, and provide the url of your web site where the editor can see your work published on the Web.

6. Continue to find other publications that may be interested in the articles you want to write, identify the editors who assign freelance work, and contact them to see if they'll give you a chance. At the same time, continue to research and write articles that you can publish in your Web site -- you'll be sharpening your journalistic skills while developing a body of work that will demonstrate what you can do.

You will have to be persistent in order to find editors who will give you assignments, but if you persist, and if you develop the ability to research and write the kinds of articles that editors want to publish, eventually you will get work. by Doug Millison

Optical properties of vanadium doped Na2O-ZnO-P205 glasses

S.F.Allakhverdiev^*, A. I. Sidorov, A. I. Ignatiev, N. V. Nikonorov

ITMO University

*shaxree@gmail.com

In this work, the optical properties of vanadium doped glasses were obtained. The zinc-phosphate glass matrix is chosen for studies. Analytical grade compounds of NaPO₃, ZnO, CeO₂, V₂O₅, AgNO₃, SB₂O₃, (NH₄)₂C₄H₄O₆ were used as starting materials. All the chemicals were weighed accurately, ground to fine powder and mixed thoroughly. The batches were melted at 900⁰C in a porcelain crucible by placing them in an electrical furnace. The melts were then poured on a polished brass plate. Samples were annealed at 350⁰C in a furnace for 30 minutes, then the furnace was set off and the samples were cooled naturally in order to relieve the thermal stresses. Finally, glasses with the following compositions were obtained:

· Na₂O -ZnO -P₂0₅

· Na₂O -ZnO -P₂0₅ (0,5wt.% V₂O₅)

· Na₂O -ZnO -P₂0₅ (0,1wt.% V₂O₅, 0,2wt.% AgNO₃, 0,5wt.% CeO₂, 0,5wt.% SB₂O₃)

· Na₂O -ZnO -P₂0₅ (0,5wt.% V₂O₅, 0,5wt.% CeO₂, 2,0wt.% (NH₄)₂C₄H₄O₆)

The optical absorption spectra of the prepared samples were recorded at room temperature using a Varian Carry UV–vis spectrometer in the wavelength range 200–1200 nm. UV–visible absorption spectra observed for all V₂O₅ doped samples show well defined absorption bands which are consistent with literature: ²Г_t4-²Г_t5 - (VO₄)^{3- 2}Г_t4-²Г_t3 -(VO₄)³; ²B₂-²E - VO²⁺ [1,2].

Fig.1. The optical absorption spectra of Na₂O -ZnO -P₂0₅ (0,5wt.% V₂O₅, 0,5wt.% CeO₂, 2,0wt.% (NH₄)₂C₄H₄O₆)

The optical absorption spectra of the last sample (Na₂O -ZnO -P₂0₅ (0,5wt.% V₂O₅,0,5wt.% CeO₂, 2,0wt.% (NH₄)₂C₄H₄O₆)) requires detailed review. As shown in Figure 1, the absorption band of Ce, centered at about 302 nm, was obtained. The most striking fact about that is possibility of photochromism. Theoretically, irradiation of UV-lamp or laser with the wavelength λ=302 nm could produce free electrons because of photogeneration and these free electrons could be trapped by V ions. This process could change the valence state of V in the glass, accordingly glass color [3].

Reference:

1. Guojun Gao, Robert Meszaros, Mingying Peng, and Lothar Wondraczek /Broadband UV-to-green photoconversion in Vdoped lithium zinc silicate glasses and glass ceramics/ OSA, 9 May 2011, Vol. 19, No. S3

2. R. Lakshmikantha a, N.H.Ayachit b, R.V.Anavekar //Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 75 (2014) 168–173

3. W.A.Weyl, A.G.Pincus, and A.E.Badger, Vanadium As A Glass Colorant, Journal of The American Ceramic Society, Vol.22, No.11, 1939

Date: 2014-12-28; view: 1236