Sentence Stress

In a sentence, some words are stronger than others. The stress is put on the words which give the main information. It is important for listeners to be able to recognise what is important in a sentence.

Unlike word stress, which is static, sentence stress is variable, according to the message the speaker wishes to communicate. For example, the sentence, "John and Sally walked to the small restaurant yesterday evening" can be said in nine different ways, stressing a different word each time.

http://www.englishclub.com/pronunciation/word-stress.htm

http://www.englishclub.com/pronunciation/sentence-stress.htm

http://www.englishclub.com/esl-articles/199810.htm

http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/articles/english-sentence-stress

AmE - http://funeasyenglish.com/american-english-pronunciation-word-and-sentence-stress.htm

46. Dialects of pronunciation

http://dialectblog.com/british-accents/

http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/dialectsofenglish.html

http://aschmann.net/AmEng/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects

47. Standard English/Estuary (S.-Eastern English)

"[L]inguists refer to so-called Standard English as a dialect of English, which from a linguistic point of view, is no more 'correct' than any other form of English. From this point of view, the monarchs of England and teenagers in Los Angeles and New York all speak dialects of English,"
(Adrian Akmajian, Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication, 5th ed. The MIT Press, 2001)

Estuary English is a dialect of English widely spoken in South East England, especially along the River Thames and its estuary. Phonetician John C. Wells defines Estuary English as "Standard English spoken with the accent of the southeast of England". The name comes from the area around the Thames, particularly its Estuary. Estuary English can be heard in London, Kent, north Surrey and south Essex. Estuary English shares many features with Cockney, and there is some debate among linguists as to where Cockney speech ends and Estuary English begins.

The variety first came to public prominence in an article by David Rosewarne in the Times Educational Supplement in October 1984. Rosewarne argued that it may eventually replace Received Pronunciation in the south-east. Studies have indicated that Estuary English is not a single coherent form of English; rather, the reality behind the constructconsists of some (but not all) phonetic features of working-class London speech spreading at various rates socially into middle-class speech and geographically into other accents of south-eastern England.

http://dialectblog.com/2011/06/04/estuary-english/

http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/whatis.htm

48. Social dialects/Regional dialects

"The classic example of a dialect is the regional dialect: the distinct form of a language spoken in a certain geographical area. For example, we might speak of Ozark dialects or Appalachian dialects, on the grounds that inhabitants of these regions have certain distinct linguistic features that differentiate them from speakers of other forms of English. We can also speak of a social dialect (A variety of speech associated with a particular social class or occupational group within a society. Also known as sociolect): the distinct form of a language spoken by members of a specific socioeconomic class, such as the working-class dialects in England."
(A. Akmajian, Linguistics. MIT, 2001)

Social dialects difference isuse of language due to social class discrepancies. Social barriers. Distance is not an important factor. The distinction is not clear-cut. Can be easely influenced by external factors.
Regional dialects different in use of language due to geographical discrepancies. Geographical barriers. Distance is not a important factor. The distinction is clear-cut. Not easely influenced by external factors.

Date: 2015-02-16; view: 928