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Review of linking words

A Time words

Look at these examples with when, while, as soon as, etc.

My leg hurts when I walk.

(when I walk = at the time I walk)

Mark heard the news on the radio as/while he was driving home.

(as/while he was driving = during the time he was driving)

We're going to tidy up after everyone's gone.

(after everyone's gone = later than everyone goes)

As soon as Laura had left the house, it started to rain.

(as soon as she had left = immediately after she had left)

/ must get to the post office before it closes.

(before it closes = earlier than it closes)

You have to wait until the light changes to green.

(until it changes = up to the time it changes)

David hasn't been able to work since he broke his leg.

(since he broke his leg — from the time he broke his leg) Remember that we use the present simple for future time after when, etc. We say before it closes, until it changes, etc (see Unit 27).

B If, unless and in case

We use these words to express a condition (see Unit 148). Rachel might buy a car if she passes her test. (She may or may not pass her test.)

You won't learn to use a keyboard properly unless you practise. (unless you practise = if you don't practise)

We'd better allow plenty of time for the journey in case there are traffic hold-ups. (in case there are hold-ups = because there may be hold-ups)

C But, although and in spite of

We use these words to express the idea of a contrast (see Unit 150). The jacket was nice, but it was too small for me.

Although the forecast said it would rain, it turned out to be a beautiful day. We still haven't got a sponsor in spite of writing/in spite of the fact that we've written to dozens of companies.

D Because and so

We use because to express the reason for something and so to express the result of something. / turned the heating on because it was cold. Henry started jogging because his doctor told him to. It was cold, so I turned the heating on. The stereo didn't work, so Vicky took it back to the shop.

E To, in order to and so that

We use these words to express purpose (see Unit 151). Sarah went to Birmingham to meet a client. We're having to borrow money in order to pay our bills. I took the bread out of the freezer so that it would defrost.


152 Exercises

Time words (A)

Arlene Black's new CD is now available in the shops. Write the titles of her songs.

Use these words instead of the ones in brackets: as soon as, before, since, when, while, until

► Think of me (during the time) I'm away Think of me while I'm away

1 I'll love you (up to the day) I die

2 I hear music (at the time) I see you

3 Come back (earlier than) I forget you

4 I've been sad (from the time) you left me

5 I fell in love (immediately after) we met

Linking words (B-E)

Put in these words: although, because, but, if, in case, in order to, in spite of so, so that, unless

► Olivia booked a babysitter so that she could go out for the evening.

1 ……………………. it was late, Nick didn't seem in a hurry to leave.



2 They put video cameras in shops ......... ……………. stop people stealing things.

3 We decided not to go out for a meal……………………… we were simply too tired.

4 …………………....... you're ready, we can start now.

5 Our room was very small, ..................................... we didn't really mind.

6 No one was watching the television,...................................... I switched it off.

7 You can't drive a car .................................. you've got a licence.

8 ………………............ having absolutely no talent, Guy became a popular TV personality

and chat show host.

9 I think my answers are right, but can I just check them with yours ......

I've made a mistake?

Linking words (A-E)

Complete the conversation. Choose the correct linking word.

Daniel: What are you going to do (►) after/befefe you finish college, Rachel?

Rachel: Vicky and I will be off to the States (1) as soon as/in spite of this term is over. We're going to travel

around, and we may go to Canada (2) so that/to see some friends of Vicky's. We've been thinking

about nothing else (3) since/until we bought our plane tickets. Daniel: It sounds great. How are you getting around in the States? Rachel: By Greyhound bus. I know it takes longer than flying, (4) but/in spite of it'll be more interesting.

We fly to LA and then we're taking the bus to New York. We're going to buy a special ticket

(5) in order/so that we can go anywhere we like on the way.

Daniel: Yes, it's better by bus (6) because/unless you can stop off at interesting places. Rachel: Of course the bus will probably be tiring.

Daniel: Maybe you should take plenty of money (7) if/in case you decide to fly instead. Rachel: I'll have to be careful with my money. I'm hoping to stay out there (8) unless/until I have to come

back and start my job in September. I'm really looking forward to the trip, (9) although/because

I'll be sad to leave here. And what about you? What are you doing this summer? Daniel: I'd go away somewhere (10) if/in case I could afford to. But I'm working. I've got no money,

(11) because/so I'll have to earn some. Rachel: Have you really got no money (12) although/in spite of the fact that you've had a part-time job

this term? Daniel: You know me, Rachel. If I've got money, I spend it.



Date: 2014-12-22; view: 1102


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Appendix 6: Irregular verbs | Links across sentences
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