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Appendix 6: Irregular verbsVERB PAST TENSE PAST/PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
be was, were been bear bore borne beat beat beaten become became become begin began begun bend bent bent bet bet bet betted bind bound bound bite bit bitten bit bleed bled bled blow blew blown break broke broken breed bred bred bring brought brought broadcast broadcast broadcast build built built burn burnt burnt burned burned burst burst burst buy bought bought catch caught caught choose chose chosen come came come cost cost cost creep crept crept cut cut cut deal dealt dealt dig dug dug dive dived dived dove (us) do did done draw drew drawn dream dreamt dreamt dreamed dreamed drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought VERB PAST TENSE PAST/PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
flee fled fled fly flew flown forbid forbad(e) forbidden forget forgot forgotten forgive forgave forgiven freeze froze frozen get got got gotten (us) give gave given go went gone grind ground ground grow grew grown hang hung hung have had had hear heard heard hide hid hidden hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept kneel knelt knelt know knew known lay laid laid lead led led lean leant leant leaned leaned leap leapt leapt leaped leaped learn learnt learnt learned learned leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie lay lain light lit lit lighted lighted lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met mow mowed mown mowed VERB PAST TENSE PAST/PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
put put put read read read ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen run ran run say said said see saw seen seek sought sought sell sold sold send sent sent set set set sew sewed sewn sewed shake shook shaken shine shone shone shoot shot shot show showed shown showed shrink shrank shrunk shrunk shut shut shut sing sang sung sink sank sunk sit sat sat sleep slept slept slide slid slid smell smelt smelt smelled smelled speak spoke spoken speed sped sped speeded speeded spell spelt spelt spelled spelled spend spent spent spill spilt spilt spilled spilled spin spun spun spit spat spat split split split spoil spoilt spoilt spoiled spoiled spread spread spread spring sprang sprung VERB PAST TENSE PAST/PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
steal stole stolen stick stuck stuck sting stung stung stink stank stunk stunk stride strode stridden strike struck struck swear swore sworn sweep swept swept swim swam swum swing swung swung take took taken teach taught taught tear tore torn tell told told think thought thought throw threw thrown tread trod trodden understand understood understood wake woke woken waked waked wear wore worn weave wove woven weaved weaved weep wept wept win won won wind wound wound write wrote written The verbs in this list are also irregular when they have a prefix, e.g. overtake - overtook - overtaken, foretell - foretold - foretold. A few verbs have irregular present simple forms: VERB PRESENT SIMPLE be I am; you/we/they are; he/she/it is do he/she/it does go he/she/it goes have he/she/it has say he/she/it says For burnt/burned, dreamt/dreamed, etc in British and American English see page 382. For gotten see page 378. Key to the starting test The number after the answer tells you which unit of the book has information and practice on that grammar point. 1 c) 3 35 c) 49,53 69 b) 106 2 c) 4,6 36 b) 54 70 a) 108 3 d) 5,6 37 b) 55,56 71 d) 109 4 a) 7 38 b) 57 72 b) 110,111 5 a) 8 39 b) 58 73 d) 112 6 d) 9 40 d) 60,62 74 b) 113 7 c) 9,10 41 b) 61,62 75 c) 114 8 d) 11 42 c) 64 76 d) 115 9 b) 12,13 43 c) 65 77 c) 118 10 d) 14 44 d) 66 78 d) 119 11 b) 15 45 b) 68 79 c) 120 12 d) 16 46 b) 70 80 c) 121 13 d) 17 47 b) 72 81 a) 123 14 a) 18,19 48 b) 73 82 c) 124, 125 15 a) 20 49 d) 74 83 d) 126, 127 16 b) 23 50 c) 76,77 84 d) 128-130 17 b) 24,25 51 a) 78 85 d) 131 18 d) 26 52 c) 80 86 c) 132 19 c) 27 53 d) 81 87 a) 133 20 b) 28 54 d) 83,84 88 c) 134 21 d) 31 55 a) 86 89 d) 136 22 b) 33 56 b) 87 90 d) 137 23 a) 34,36 57 c) 89 91 b) 139 24 c) 37 58 c) 90 92 c) 140 25 c) 38 59 c) 91 93 c) 141,142 26 b) 40 60 d) 92 94 b) 143 27 d) 41 61 b) 94 95 a) 144,147 28 d) 42 62 d) 95 96 b) 145, 147 29 c) 43 63 d) 96 97 d) 146,147 30 d) 44 64 d) 99 98 d) 149 31 b) 46 65 a) 100, 101 99 d) 150 32 c) 47 66 b) 102 100 d) 151 33 a) 48 67 c) 103 34 b) 51,52 68 a) 105
We use to, in order to, so that and for to express purpose, to say why we do things. The purpose of stopping is to buy a newspaper. B To We can use the to-infinitive to express purpose. Melanie was hurrying to catch her bus. Most people work to earn money. I rang to find out the train times. We went to the library to get some books. C In order to and so as to In order to and so as to are more formal than to. The government took these measures in order to reduce crime. The staff are working at weekends so as to complete the project in time. We can use the negative in order not to or so as not to. Melanie was hurrying in order not to miss her bus. The staff are working at weekends so as not to delay the project any further. We cannot use not to on its own. She was hurrying to catch her bus. not D So that Look at this example. I'll post the card today so that it gets there on Daniel's birthday. After so that we use a subject and verb, e.g. it gets. We often use will or can for a present purpose and would or could for a past purpose. I'll give you a map so that you can find/you'll find the way all right. I gave Nick a map so that he could find/would be able to find the way all right. E To or for? We can use for with a noun to say why we do something. The whole family have gone out for a bike ride. Why don't you come over for coffee? To talk about the purpose of a thing, we use either a to-infinitive or for + an ing-form. This heater is to keep/for keeping the plants warm in winter. This machine is used to cut/for cutting plastic. But we do not use for + an ing-form to talk about a specific action. I put the heater on to keep the plants warm, not Exercises 1 To(B) Complete each sentence using to and these words: cash a cheque, finance her studies, go to sleep, hear the football results, look smart
1 Mrs Miles sometimes takes a pill .......................................................................... 2 Tom turned on the radio.................................................... 3 Just this once Mike is going to wear a suit................... 4 Jessica is borrowing some money .............. 2 In order to and so as to (C) Alan works for Zedco. He wants to succeed in business, so he is listening to a talk on the subject. Here is what the speaker is showing the audience. ACTION PURPOSE ► study the market be more successful 1 get to work earlier impress the boss 2 work harder achieve more 3 take risks be a winner 4 think positively not miss any opportunities Say what Alan is going to do. Use either in order to or so as to. Both are correct. ► He's going to study the market in order to be more successful. 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 2 ………………………………………………………………………………… 3 ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4 .................................................................................................................................... 3 To, for and so that (B, D, E) Comment on what each person says. Use the word in brackets. ? Ilona: I'm learning English. I want to get a better job. (to) ? Claude: I study encyclopedias. Then I can answer quiz questions, (so that) ? Vicky: I'm saving up. I'm planning a holiday, (for)
1 Nick: I keep a dog. It guards the house, (to) 2 David: I'm going to be very careful. Then I won't have an accident, (so that) 3 Jessica: I'm going on a diet. I want to lose weight, (to) 4 Trevor: I often switch off the heating. It saves money, (to) 5 Sarah: I had to go to Birmingham. I had a business meeting, (for) 6 Emma: I wore boots because I didn't want my feet to get wet. (so that) Date: 2014-12-22; view: 1420
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arise arose arisen
find found found
pay paid paid
stand stood stood
► Laura went to the bank to cash a cheque.