Non-disclosure agreements

It is a confidentiality agreement, a legal contract between at least two parties that outlines confidential material, knowledge, or information that the parties wish to share with one another for certain purposes, but wish to restrict access to by third parties. It is a contract through which the parties agree not to disclose information covered by the agreement.

NDAs can be "mutual", meaning both parties are restricted in their use of the materials provided, or they can restrict the use of material by a single party.

Possible situation: An opera-singer agrees to sing for free at the forthcoming event in order to keep her career afloat. The disclosure of the absence of payment for her performance may automatically brand her as a person, who will unlikely receive a generous offer in future.

58. Can technology change the ways of business?

It is doubtless an understatement to propose that technology has changed the way that business is done in world today. In last 5 years made small business to get rapid growth in the global market. Earlier it was almost impossible for small business to grow that much faster because the communication is not that easy for them but in today's almost any business can be globally exposed due to internet & web based technologies. It is acknowledged that in this Information Age, Internet commerce is the most influential tool for the rapid economic growth of developing countries.

The Industrial Revolution in Europe allowed technology to be widely implemented across the manufacturing industry. Inventions such as the cotton gin were used to increase productivity, and mills used machines to manufacture cloth from cotton. The ideas behind mass production allowed technology to become widely available at affordable prices.

Today, technology has greatly benefited the manufacturing industry. Increased automation and the introduction of robots on the assembly line have allowed heavy goods such as cars to be created quickly and efficiently. Advances in technology have also allowed construction sites and factories to become safer.

Programs allow a company to keep track of its income and expenditure, and office suite applications makes drafting memos and presentations simpler.

Technological advances have had an impact on retail businesses. Mass production allows retailers to buy products such as MP3 players and DVDs cheaply because of lower manufacturing costs. They can then increase the prices before selling them to the consumer, thus increasing their profit margin. The Internet has allowed retailers to reach new audiences.

59. What was “socialist economy all about”?

Socialism is based on the direct allocation of economic inputs (the means of production) and production for use. Production is therefore planned and does not suffer from the cyclical fluctuations inherent to economies based on capital accumulation, while final goods and services are distributed through markets.

Price levels are usually controlled by special authorities. Major part of the economy and land belongs to the state.

Capital accumulation – the main idea. Production is divided into two parts: production of means of production and articles of consumption. The output of means of production has to be faster. Savings – the source of funds needed for the production. Consumption is very limited – only enough to satisfy basic needs of the population.

Socialist economies may both be centralized and de-centralized. When economy is centralized (command economy) – all the resources are allocated by the government. It creates plans levels of production and develops channels of distribution. All the revenues come back to the treasury that pays salaries, saves or reinvest the excess of money.

"from each according to his ability, to each according to his contribution"

61. The rise and fall of the socialist economic system.

A socialist economy is based on public ownership or independent cooperative ownership of the means of production, wherein production is carried out to directly produce use-value, usually, but not always, coordinated through economic planning and a system of accounting based on calculation-in-kind or labor-time.

Socialist economies in theory:

Classical / Marxist conception, where socialism is a stage of economic development in which wage labor, private property in the means of production and monetary relations have been made redundant through the development of the productive forces, so that capital accumulation has been superseded by economic planning.

Walrasian / Market Socialist which defines socialism as public-ownership or cooperative-enterprises in a market economy.

Leninist conception, which includes a form of political organization based on control of the means of production and government by a single political party apparatus that claims to act in the interest of the working class, and an ideology hostile toward markets and political dissent, with coordination of economic activity through centralized economic planning (a "command economy").

Reasons of the collapse:

1. The fall of communism all around the World.

2. Gorbaciov's fail to counter-attack the revolts spreading in all of the Republics.

3. The army’s refuse to follow Gorbaciovs orders.

4. The USA messing up in their affairs.

5. The USSRs economic collapse.

6. The USSRs technological stagnation.

7. The fact that the USSR made a lot of enemies and lacked allies.

8. World Debts

9. Military Collapse after Afghanistan

Date: 2015-02-03; view: 716