Epilogue: More Like a River than a Rock 2 page

As quoted in Jamil S. Zainaldin, Law in Antebellum Society: Legal Change and Economic Expansion ( 1983), p. 20.

9.

As quoted in David Burner et al., An American Portrait: A History of the United States, 2nd Ed., 2 vols. ( 1985), vol. 2, p. 214.

10.

Ibid., p. 245.

11.

"Jackson's Veto of the Bank Bill," in Henry Steele Commager, ed., Documents of American History, 7th Ed. ( 1963), p. 274.

12.

U.S., Constitution, Art. I, sec. 8.

13.

Earle v. Sawyer, 8 Fed. Cas. 254 (C.C.D. Mass. 1825).

14.

5 Statutes at Large 117, 119, 120 (Act of July 4, 1836).

-342-

15.

Lawrence M. Friedman, A History of American Law, 2nd Ed. ( 1985), p. 256.

16.

Bruchey, Roots of American Economic Growth, p. 125.

17.

William E. Nelson, The Roots of American Bureaucracy 1830-1900 ( 1982), p. 11.

18.

George Rogers Taylor, The Transportation Revolution, 1815-1860 ( 1951).

19.

As quoted in John G. Burke, "Bursting Boilers and Federal Power," Technology and Culture 71( 1966):21.

20.

Ibid., p. 21.

21.

Leonard W. Levy, Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw and the Law of the Commonwealth ( 1957), p. 305.

22.

Massachusetts Laws, 1833, chap. 215.

23.

James Willard Hurst, Law and Social Order in the United States ( 1977), p. 70.

24.

Harry N. Scheiber, "Federalism and Legal Process: Historical and Contemporary Analysis of the American System," Law and Society Review 14( 1980):705.

25.

Ronald E. Seavoy, The Origins of the American Business Corporation, 1784-1855 ( 1985), p. 6.

26.

Hurst, Law and Markets, p. 48.

27.

As quoted in Harold M. Hyman and William M. Wiecek, Equal Justice under Law: Constitutional Development 1835-1875 ( 1982), p. 29.

28.

Seavoy, Origins of the Business Corporation, p. 6.

29.

Register of Debates, 19th Congress, 1st Sess., May 1, 1826, p. 647.

30.

Peter J. Coleman, Debtors and Creditors in America: Insolvency, Imprisonment for Debt, and Bankruptcy, 1607-1900 ( 1974), p. 16.

31.

As quoted in ibid., p. 5.

32.

As quoted in Charles Warren, Bankruptcy in United States History ( 1935), p. 21.

33.

Harry N. Scheiber, Ohio Canal Era ( 1968), p. 297.

34.

David M. Gold, "Public Aid to Private Enterprise under the Ohio Constitution: Sections 4, 6, and 13 of Article VIII in Historical Perspective," University of Toledo Law Review 16( 1985):410.

35.

Morton Keller, "The Politics of State Constitutional Revision, 1820-1930," in Kermit L. Hall , Harold M. Hyman, and Leon V. Sigal, eds., The Constitutional Convention as an Amending Device ( 1981), pp. 70-71.

36.

Report of the Debates and Proceedings of the Convention for the Revision of the Constitution of the State of Ohio, 1850-51, vol. 1 ( 1851), p. 523.

37.

Ibid., p. 632.

38.

As quoted in Kermit L. Hall, "The Judiciary on Trial: State Constitutional Reform and the Rise of an Elected judiciary, 1846-1860," The Historian 44( 1983):350-51.

Chapter 6

1.

Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, edited by J. P. Mayer, translated by George Lawrence ( 1969), p. 102.

2.

William E. Nelson, The Roots of American Bureaucracy 1830-1900 ( 1982), p. 31.

3.

Harry N. Scheiber, "Property Rights and Public Purpose in American Law," Proceedings of the International Economic History Association, 7th Congress 1( 1978):233-40.

4.

Morton J. Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law, 1780-1860 ( 1977), p. 28.

5.

As quoted in ibid., p. 142.

6.

As quoted in Lawrence M. Friedman, A History of American Law, 2nd Ed. ( 1985), p. 155.

7.

State of New Jersey, Constitution ( 1844), Art. 1, sec. 5.

8.

Julius Goebel Jr., ed., The Law Practice of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 2 ( 1969), p. 20.

9.

Horwitz, Transformation of American Law, p. 143.

-343-

10.

American Jurist 5( 1831):29.

11.

Francis Hilliard, The Elements of Law ( 1835), p. vi; William Duane, The Law of Nations Investigated in a Popular Manner ( 1809), p. 3.

12.

Commonwealth v. M'Closeky, 2 Rawle 374 ( Pa., 1830).

13.

Tocqueville, Democracy in America, p. 100.

14.

R. Kent Newmyer, Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story: Statesman of the Old Republic ( 1985), p. 138.

15.

14 Virginia 315 ( 1809).

16.

"Corporations," in American Jurist, reprinted in Charles Haar, ed., The Golden Age of American Law ( 1965), p. 336.

17.

Spear v. Grant, 16 Mass. 14 ( 1819).

18.

William E. Nelson, The Americanization of the Common Law: The Impact of Legal Change on Massachusetts, 1760-1830 ( 1975), p. 135.

19.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 4 Wheaton 518 ( 1819).

20.

Ibid.

21.

University v. Foy, 1 Murphey 88-89 ( N.C., 1805).

22.

Newmyer, Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story, p. 133.

23.

As quoted in George Dargo, Law in the New Republic: Private Law and the Public Estate ( 1983), p. 101.

24.

As quoted in Harold M. Hyman and William M. Wiecek, Equal Justice under Law: Constitutional Development 1835-1875 ( 1982), p. 48.

25.

As quoted in Leonard W. Levy, Chief Justice Shaw and the Law of the Commonwealth ( 1957), p. 184.

26.

Ibid., p. 187.

27.

Ibid.

28.

James Willard Hurst, Law and the Conditions of Freedom in the Nineteenth-Century, United States ( 1956), p. 28.

29.

William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Law of England, vol. 3 ( 1768), p. 218.

30.

Hurst, Law and the Conditions of Freedom, p. 28.

31.

Harry N. Scheiber, "The Road to MUNN: Eminent Domain and the Concept of Public Purpose in the State Courts," in Donald Fleming and Bernard Bailyn, eds., Law in American History ( 1971), p. 332.

32.

As quoted in Horwitz, Transformation of American Law, p, 37.

33.

Joseph Angell, Watercourses ( 1824), p. 37.

34.

Cary v. Daniels, 48 Mass. 476-77 ( 1844).

35.

Irwin v. Phillips, 5 Cal. 146 ( 1855).

36.

Gordon M. Bakken, The Development of Law on the Rocky Mountain Frontier: Civil Law and Society, 1850-1912 ( 1983), p. 71.

37.

U.S., Constitution, Fifth Amendment.

38.

Scheiber, "Road to MUNN," pp. 360-76.

39.

Ibid., p. 365.

40.

Newmyer, Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story, p. 225.

41.

11 Peters 544-53.

42.

Ibid. Charles River Bridge did not involve eminent domain issues.

43.

6 Howard 531-32.

44.

Dana v. Valentine, 46 Mass. 8 ( 1842).

45.

1 Grant Cas. 413 ( Pa., 1856).

46.

As quoted in Levy, Chief Justice Lemuel Shaw, p. 121.

47.

Horwitz, Transformation of American Law, p. 161.

48.

William Wetmore Story, A Treatise on the Law of Contracts, vol, 1, 5th Ed. ( 1874), p. 4.

49.

Friedman, History of American Law, p. 263.

-344-

50.

McFarland v. Newman, 9 Watts 55 ( Pa., 1839).

51.

Tony A. Freyer, "Negotiable Instruments and the Federal Courts in Antebellum American Business," Business History Review 50( 1976):436.

52.

Act of September 24, 1789, ch. 20, sec. 34, I Stat. 73.

53.

Swift v. Tyson, 16 Peters 18-19 ( 1842).

54.

6 Cush. 296-97 ( Mass., 1850).

55.

4 Metcalf 49 ( Mass., 1842).

56.

Gary T. Schwartz, "Tort Law and the Economy in Nineteenth-Century America: A Reinterpretation," The Yale Law Journal 90( 1981): 1743.

57.

Thomas v. Winchester, 6 N.Y. 399 ( 1852).

58.

Robert Rantoul Jr., Memoirs, Speeches and Writings, edited by Luther Hamilton ( 1854), p. 279.

59.

Charles M. Cook, The American Codification Movement: A Study of Antebellum Legal Reform ( 1981), p. 201.

60.

Lexington & Ohio Railroad Co. v. Applegate et al., 38 Ky. 310 ( 1839).

61.

Steele v. Curle, 34 Ky. 390 ( 1836).

62.

John Phillip Reid, Law for the Elephant: Property and Social Behavior on the Overland Trail ( 1980), p. 364.

Chapter 7

1.

Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, edited by William Peden ( 1955), p. 138.

2.

John T. Noonan Jr., Persons and Masks of the Law ( 1976), p. 60. On slavery and the Constitution, see Paul Finkelman, "Slavery and the Constitutional Convention: Making a Covenant with Death," in Richard Beeman, Stephen Botein, and Edward C.Carter II, eds., Beyond Confederation: Origins of the Constitution and American National Identity ( 1987), pp. 188- 225.

3.

Somerset v. Stewart, Lofft 1, 98 Eng.Rep. 499 (K.B. 1772).

4.

Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, p. 143.

5.

As quoted in Kenneth M.Stampp, The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-bellum South ( 1956), p. 207.

6.

State v. Mann, 13 N.C. 263 ( 1829).

7.

Ibid.

8.

Stampp, Peculiar Institution, p. 211.

9.

Ibid.

10.

As quoted in Stanley Elkins, Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life ( 1976), p. 56.

11.

Daniel Boorstin, "The Perils of Indwelling Law," in Robert P. Wolff, ed., The Rule of Law ( 1971), p. 85.

12.

Philip J.Schwarz, "Forging the Shackles: The Development of Virginia's Criminal Code for Slaves," in David J.Bodenhamer and James W. Ely Jr., eds., Ambivalent Legacy: A Legal History of the South ( 1984), p. 128.

13.

Souther v. Commonwealth, 7 Grattan 673 ( Va., 1851).

14.

Thomas R. R. Cobb, An Inquiry into the Law of Slavery in the United States of America ( 1858), p. 98.

15.

Daniel J. Flannigan, "Criminal Procedure in Slave Trials in the Antebellum South," Journal of Southern History 40( November 1974):538.

16.

Cato v. State, 9 Fla. 173-74 ( 1860).

17.

Stephen v. State, 11 Ga. 230 ( 1852).

18.

Ford v. Ford, 7 Humphreys 95-96 ( Tenn., 1846).

-345-

19.

State v. Nathan, Slave of Gabriel South, 5 Richardson 219 ( S.C. 1851).

20.

Stampp, Peculiar Institution, p. 446.

21.

Thomas D. Morris, "'As If the Injury Was Effected by the Natural Elements of Air, or Fire,': Slave Wrongs and the Liability of Masters," Law and Society Review 16( 1981-1982):578.

22.

Gallardet v. Demaries, 18 La. 491 ( 1841).

23.

Wright v. Weatherly, 7 Yeager 367 ( Tenn., 1835).

24.

As quoted in Morris, "Slave Wrongs," p. 588. On the business law of slavery generally, see the symposium articles by Paul Finkelman, Judith Schaffer, and Andrew Fede in The American Journal of Legal History 31 ( 1987):269-358.

25.

As quoted in Tony Freyer, "Law and the Antebellum Economy: An Interpretation," in Bodenhamer and Ely, eds., Ambivalent Legacy, p. 62.

26.

Ibid.

27.

As quoted in Richard H. Sewell, Ballots for Freedom: Antislavery Politics in the United States, 1836-1860 ( 1976), pp. 172-73.

28.

William E. Nelson, The Roots of American Bureaucracy 1830-1900 ( 1982), p. 58.

29.

William M. Wiecek, The Sources of Antislavery Constitutionalism in America, 1760- 1848 ( 1977).

30.

As quoted in Russel B. Nye, William Lloyd Garrison and the Humanitarian Reformers ( 1955), p. 143.

31.

As quoted in Don E. Fehrenbacher, The Dred Scott Case in American Law and Politics ( 1978), p. 56.

32.

Paul Finkelman, An Imperfect Union: Slavery, Federalism, and Comity ( 1981).

33.

Ibid., p. 113.

34.

Harold M. Hyman and William M. Wiecek, Equal Justice under Law: Constitutional Development 1835-1875 ( 1982), p. 154.

35.

As quoted in ibid., p. 155.

36.

Ibid.

37.

Jones v. Van Zandt, 13 Fed. Cas. 1048 (C.C.D. Ohio, 1843).

38.

William E. Barker, ed., The Works of William H. Seward, vol. 1 ( 1884), p. 74.

39.

Dred Scott v. Sandford, 19 Howard 407 ( 1857).

40.

Fehrenbacher, Dred Scott Case, p. 439.

41.

As quoted in Hyman and Wiecek, Equal Justice under Law, p. 96.

42.

As quoted in ibid., p. 315.

43.

Donald G. Nieman, To Set the Law in Motion: The Freedmen's Bureau and the Legal of Blacks, 1865-1868 ( 1976).

44.

Hyman and Wiecek, Equal Justice under Law, p. 234.

45.

U.S., Constitution, Art. XIII.

46.

U.S., Constitution, Article XV.

47.

As quoted in Harold U. Faulkner, Politics, Reform and Expansion, 1890-1900 ( 1959), p. 7.

48.

As quoted in Jonathan Lurie, Law and the New Nation, 1865-1912 ( 1983), p. 16.

49.

The Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 ( 1883).

50.

William Cohen, "Negro Involuntary Servitude in the South, 1865-1940: A Preliminary Analysis," The Journal of Southern History 42( February 1976):32.

51.

Howard Rabinowitz, Race Relations in the Urban South, 1865-1890 ( 1978), pp. 196- 97.

52.

Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 ( 1896).

53.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 5 Peters 1 ( 1831).

54.

As quoted in Morton Keller, Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America ( 1977), p. 459.

55.

James B. Thayer, "A People without a Law," Atlantic Monthly 68( 1891):540-51, 676- 87.

-346-

56.

Yik Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356 ( 1886).

57.

As quoted in Keller, Affairs of State, pp. 443-44.

58.

Chae Chan Ping v. U.S. (Chinese Exclusion Case), 130 U.S. 594 ( 1889).

59.

John Wunder, "The Chinese and the Courts in the Pacific Northwest: Justice Denied," Pacific Historical Review 52( May 1983):208.

60.

Sir Henry Maine, Ancient Law ( 1861, reprinted 1917), p. 100.

Chapter 8

1.

John Demos, A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony ( 1970), p. x.

2.

Ibid., p. 82.

3.

Throughout this chapter I have drawn extensively from Michael Grossberg, Governing the Hearth: Law and the Family in Nineteenth-Century America ( 1985), p. 7.

4.

Robert L. Griswold, Family and Divorce in California, 1850-1890: Victorian Illusions and Everyday Realities ( 1982), p. 13.

5.

Joel P. Bishop, First Book of Law ( 1868), p. 216.

6.

Wightman v. Coates, 15 Mass. 4 ( 1818).

7.

Weaver v. Bachert, 2 Pa. 81-82 ( 1843).

8.

McPherson v. Ryan, 59 Mich. 39 ( 1886).

9.

Grossberg, Governing the Hearth, p. 65.

10.

James Kent, Commentaries on American Law ( 1826-1830), vol. 2, p. 75.

11.

Rodenbaugh v. Sanks, 2 Watts 9-10 ( Pa., 1833).

12.

Grossberg, Governing the Hearth, p. 78.

13.

Joseph Chamberlain, "Eugenics and the Limitation of Marriage," American Bar Association Journal 9( 1923):429.

14.

As quoted in Grossberg, Governing the Hearth, p. 98.

15.

Devanbaugh v. Devanbaugh, 5 Paige 557 ( N.Y., 1836).

16.

True v. Raney, 21 N.H. 54-55 ( 1850).

17.

Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 162, 167 ( 1878).

18.

State v. Hairston and Williams, 63 N.C. 452, 453 ( 1877).

19.

Frasher v. State, 3 Tex. Ct. of App., 276 ( 1877).

20.

As quoted in Grossberg, Governing the Hearth, p. 139.

21.

Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200 ( 1927).

22.

Suzanne Lebsock, The Free Women of Petersburg: Status and Culture in a Southern Town, 1784-1860 ( 1984), p. 61.

23.

Norma Basch, "Equity vs. Equality: Emerging Concepts of Women's Political Status in the Age of Jackson," Journal of the Early Republic 3( 1983):318.

24.

Act of Apr.7, 1848, ch. 200, 1848 N.Y. Laws 307.

25.

As quoted in Grossberg, Governing the Hearth, p. 176.

26.

Dio Lewis, Chastity, or Our Secret Sins ( 1874), p. 183.

27.

Queen v. Hicklin, 3 Q.B. 371 ( 1868).

28.

Ex Parle Jackson, 96 U.S. 736 ( 1877).

29.

As quoted in Grossberg, Governing the Hearth, p. 190.

30.

People v. Sanger, 22 N.Y. 192 ( 1918).

31.

As quoted in Grossberg, Governing the Hearth, p. 162.

32.

As quoted in James Mohr, Abortion in America. The Origins and Evolution of National Policy ( 1978), p. 187.

33.

Viviana A. Zelizer, Pricing the Priceless Child: The Changing Social Value of Children ( 1985), p. 5.

34.

As quoted in Griswold, Family and Divorce in California, p. 20.

35.

Lawrence M. Friedman, "Rights of Passage: Divorce Law in Historical Perspective," Oregon Law Review 63( 1984):862.

-347-

36.

Anonymous, 55 Ala. 433 ( 1876).

37.

Joel P. Bishop, Commentaries on the Law of Married Women, vol. 2 ( 1871), p. 74.

38.

Grossberg, Governing the Hearth, pp. xi-xii.

Chapter 9

1.

Charles Loring Brace, The Dangerous Classes of New York, and Twenty Years' Work among Them ( 1872), pp. 28-29.

2.

David J. Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic ( 1971), p. 15.

3.

William E. Nelson, "Emerging Notions of Modern Criminal Law in the Revolutionary Era: An Historical Perspective," in Lawrence M. Friedman and Harry N. Scheiber, eds., American Law and the Constitutional Order: Historical Perspectives ( 1978), pp. 167-68.

4.

Lawrence M. Friedman, A History of American Law, 2nd Ed.( 1985), p. 294.

5.

Cited in Samuel Walker, Popular Justice: A History of American Criminal Justice ( 1980), p. 37. I have relied extensively on Walker's work in this chapter and elsewhere.

6.

Ibid., p. 38.

7.

As quoted in Adam Hirsch, "From Pillory to Penitentiary: The Rise of Criminal Incarceration in Early Massachusetts," Michigan Law Review 80( 1982): 1235.

8.

Kathryn Preyer, "Crime, the Criminal Law, and Reform in Post-Revolutionary Virginia," Law and History Review 1( 1985):53-85.

9.

As quoted in Walker, Popular Justice, p. 47.

10.

Act of Pennsylvania, April 22, 1784, 3 Sm. L. 186.

11.

Benjamin Rush, Considerations on the Injustice and Impolicy of Punishing Murder by Death ( 1792), p. 18.

12.

George Keith Taylor, Substance of a Speech Delivered in the House of Delegates in Virginia, on the Bill to Amend the Penal Laws of this Commonwealth ( 1796), p. 31.

13.

Tunis Wortman, An Oration on the Influence of Social Institutions upon Human Morals and Happiness ( 1796), pp. 4-5.

14.

As quoted in Walker, Popular Justice, p. 49.

15.

William V. Wells, The Life and Public Services of Samuel Adams, vol. 3 ( 1866), p. 246.

16.

Memoirs of Stephen Burroughs ( 1798), p. 126.

17.

David J.Bodenhamer, The Pursuit of Justice: Crime and Law in Antebellum Indiana ( 1986), p. 73.

18.

As quoted in ibid., p. 56.

19.

As quoted in Walker, Popular Justice, p. 111.

20.

"Diary Notes on the Rights of Juries," in L. Kinvin Wroth and Hiller Zobel, eds., The Adams Papers: Legal Papers of John Adams, vol. 1 ( 1968), p. 230.

21.

As quoted in Bodenhamer, Pursuit of Justice, p. 84.

22.

Rothman, Discovery of the Asylum, p. 62.

23.

As quoted in ibid., p. 97.

24.

Ibid., p. 88.

25.

Walker, Popular Justice, p. 79.

26.

Eric H. Monkkonen, Police in Urban America, 1860-1920 ( 1981), p. 31.

27.

As quoted in ibid., p. 41.

28.

As quoted in ibid., p. 35.

29.

Harold M. Hyman and William M.Wiecek, Equal Justice under Law: Constitutional Development 1835-1875 ( 1982), p. 509.

30.

Lawrence M. Friedman and Robert V. Percival, The Roots of Justice: Crime and Punishment in Alameda County, California, 1870-1910 ( 1981), p. 32. There is considerable disagreement about these matters as well as about how to measure, label, and interpret criminal

-348-

activity. See Eugene Watts, "Police Response to Crime and Disorder in Twentieth-Century St. Louis," Journal of American History 70( 1983):340-58.

31.

As quoted in Walker, Popular Justice, p. 84.

32.

Walker, Popular Justice, p. 91.

33.

Anthony Platt, The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency ( 1969).

34.

Wilbur R. Miller, Cops and Bobbies: Police Authority in New York and London, 1830- 1870 ( 1977), p. 80.

35.

Edward L. Ayers, Vengeance and Justice: Crime and Punishment in the Nineteenth- Century American South ( 1984), p. 176.

36.

8 Eng. Rep. 718 ( 1843).

37.

John S. Hughes, In the Law's Darkness: Isaac Ray and the Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity in Nineteenth-Century America ( 1986), p. 60.

38.

David A. Jones, History of Criminology: A Philosophical Perspective ( 1986), p. 142.

39.

Isaac Ray, A Treatise on the Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity, 3rd Ed.( 1855), p. 263.

40.

Walker, Popular Justice, p. 123.

Chapter 10

1.

Richard L. McCormick, "The Party Period and Public Policy: An Exploratory Hypothesis," Journal of American History 66( September 1979):279-98.

2.

As quoted in David Burner et al., An American Portrait: A History of the United States, 2nd Ed., 2 vols., vol. 2 ( 1985), p. 425.

3.

As quoted in James A. Henretta et al., America's History ( 1987), p. 623.

4.

Ibid.

5.

Ibid., p. 624.

6.

Lawrence M. Friedman, A History of American Law, 2nd Ed.( 1985), p. 166.

7.

Morton Keller, Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America ( 1977), p. 165.

8.

Harry N. Scheiber, "Property Law, Expropriation, and Resource Allocation by Government, 1789-1910," in Lawrence M. Friedman and Harry N. Scheiber, eds., American Law and the Constitutional Order: Historical Perspectives ( 1978), p. 139.

9.

Gordon M. Bakken, Rocky Mountain Constitution Making, 1850-1912 ( 1987), pp. 29- 34.

10.

Scheiber, "Property Law, Expropriation, and Resource Allocation," p. 139.

11.

As quoted in Keller, Affairs of State, p. 431.

12.

Ibid.

13.

Charles W. McCurdy, "The Knight Sugar Decision of 1895 and the Modernization of American Corporation Law, 1869-1903," Business History Review 53 (Autumn 1979): 304-42.

14.

James Willard Hurst, Law and the Conditions of Freedom in the Nineteenth-Century United States ( 1956), p. 73.

15.

Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR ( 1955), p. 248.

16.

As quoted in Friedman, History of American Law, p. 446.

17.

Ibid., p. 450.

18.

Charles W. McCurdy, "American Law and the Marketing Structure of the Large Corporation," The Journal of Economic History 38( September 1978):643.

19.

Lawrence M. Friedman, "Freedom of Contract and Occupational Licensing 1890-1910: A Legal and Social Study," California Law Review 53( May 1965):487-534.

20.

As quoted in Keller, Affairs of State, p. 404.

21.

Viviana A. Zelizer, Pricing the Priceless Child: The Changing Social Value of Children ( 1985), p. 5.

22.

Friedman, History of American Law, p. 562.

-349-

23.

State of Utah, Constitution ( 1895), Art. XVI. sec. 6.

24.

Lawrence A. Friedman and Jack Ladinsky, "Social Change and the Law of Industrial Accidents," in Friedman and Scheiber, eds., American Law and the Constitutional Order, p. 275.

25.

Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877-1920 ( 1982), p. 139.

26.

William E. Nelson, The Roots of American Bureaucracy 1830-1900 ( 1982), p. 81.

27.

As quoted in ibid., p. 82.

28.

Skowronek, Building a New American State, p. 123.

29.

As quoted in Henry Steele Commager, ed., Documents of American History, 5th Ed. ( 1949), p. 129.

30.

Jonathan Lurie, Law and the Nation 1865-1912 ( 1983), p. 35.

31.

Commager, ed., Documents of American History, p. 136.

32.

Lurie, Law and the Nation, p. 36.

33.

Commager, ed., Documents of American History, p. 280.

34.

Friedman, History of American Law, p. 480.

35.

As quoted in ibid., p. 551.

36.

Ibid.

Chapter 11

1.

Burton J. Bledstein, The Culture of Professionalism: The Middle Class and the Development of Higher Education in America ( 1976), pp. 86-87.

2.

American Lawyer 1( 1893):5.

3.

Wayne K. Hobson, "Symbol of the New Profession: Emergence of the Large Law Firm," in Gerard W. Gawalt, ed., The New High Priests: Lawyers in Post-Civil War America ( 1984), p. 6.

4.

Ibid., p. 20.

5.

Jerold S. Auerbach, Unequal Justice: Lawyers and Social Change in Modern America ( 1976), p. 25.

6.

Gawalt, ed., New High Priests, p. xii.

7.

Ibid., p. xiii.But on the important role of attorneys in "New South" economic development see Gail Williams O'Brien, The Legal Fraternity and the Making of a New South Community ( 1986).

8.

Lawrence M. Friedman. A History of American Law, 2nd Ed.( 1985), p. 166.

9.

As quoted in Morton Keller, Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America ( 1977), p. 351.

10.

Ibid., p. 352.

11.

Ibid.

12.

Michael de L. Landon, "Another False Start: Mississippi's Second State Bar Association, 1886-1892," in Gawalt, ed., New High Priests, p. 198.

13.

As quoted in Friedman, History of American Law, p. 651.

14.

Gawalt, ed., New High Priests, p. x.

15.

Gary B. Nash, "The Philadelphia Bench and Bar, 1800-1861," Comparative Studies in Society and History 7( 1965):203.

16.

As quoted in Friedman, History of American Law, pp. 238-39.

17.

As quoted in W. Hamilton Bryson and E. Lee Shepard, "The Virginia Bar, 1870- 1900," in Gawalt, ed., New High Priests, p. 174.

18.

Friedman, History of American Law, p. 639.

19.

Maxwell Bloomfield, "From Deference to Confrontation: The Early Black Lawyers of Galveston, Texas, 1895-1920," in Gawalt, ed., New High Priests, p. 152.

Date: 2015-01-29; view: 741